01 Biochemistry For Optometrist

Question 1

Biochemistry

Answer 1

Study of how molecules/enzymes/etc [all non-living things] interact with each other to maintain homeostasis and create life

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

How organisms extract, transform, and use energy from the environment

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Universal carrier of metabolic energy

Links metabolic pathways together

Question 4

Catabolism

Answer 4

Degradation process
- releases energy by the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones [typically through a pathway of connection reactions]

Question 5

Anabolism

Answer 5

Synthesis

Using energy to make new products [also carried out by reactions linked together in a pathway]

Question 6

Enzymes

Answer 6

Biological catalysts

Protein

Question 7

Proteins

Answer 7

Made of amino acids

20 aa

Question 8

How is sequence of amino acids in proteins determined ?

Answer 8

Via sequence of ribonucleotides [RNA-ribonucleases nucleic acid]

Question 9

4 ribonucleotides

Answer 9

Adenylate
Guanylate
Uridylate
Cytidylate

Question 10

How is sequence of ribonucleotides determined?

Answer 10

By DNA 9deoxyribonucleotides0

Question 11

4 deoxyribonucleotides

Answer 11

Deoxyadenylate
Deoxyguanylate
Deoxythymidlate
Deoxycytidylate

Question 12

Tears

Answer 12

Made of : water, lipids, proteins

Question 13

What proteins are in tears?

Answer 13

Immunoglobin, lysozyme, mucin

Question 14

Cornea

Answer 14

Made of collagen and proteoglycan to keep the cornea clear

Question 15

Why does the cornea get cloudy?

Answer 15

Because it tends to collect water .

To remove the water ATP-driven pumps are needed

Question 16

Collagen

Answer 16

Most abundant protein in the eye

Structural support

Question 17

Proteoglycan

Answer 17

Proteins with glycosaminoglycans linked to them

They are space willing and attract water to help keep the collagen appropriately aligned

Question 18

Aqueous

Answer 18

Provides the cornea with nutrients like:
Vitamin c
Antioxidants
Glucose

Helps maintain the pressure of the eye

Question 19

Lens

Answer 19

Contain specialized proteins :

Crystallin

Question 20

Crystallin

Answer 20

Protein that is highly ordered

Function: to increase the refractive index of the lens media

Question 21

What are cataracts

Answer 21

They occur when crystallin become disordered or aggregated

Question 22

Vitreous

Answer 22

Contain collagen , proteoglycans

Mechanical support and shock absorber against mechanical impact [gel like]

Question 23

Retina

Answer 23

Has special proteins that convert light into a biological response
- rhodopsin
- photopsins
[NOTE: these proteins use the retinal to absorb Light]

[above are proteins found in rods and cones membranes]

Question 24

Photopsins

Answer 24

Erythrolabe
Cyanolabe
Chlorolabe

Question 25

Retinal

Answer 25

Derivative of vitamin A From diet When it absorbs light, it triggers a conformational change in the attached protein, this leads to a cellular response involving other enzymes and proteins

Question 26

Melanopsin

Answer 26

Protein found in the photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina Uses retinal to absorb light Used to control the papillary light reflex, circadian rhythms, and other non-visual functions