01 - Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
“the total of all chemical reactions occurring in the body; it includes breaking down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones as well as building the body’s structural and functional components.”
A
metabolism (life process)
2
Q
“the ability to detect and respond to changes occurring outside the body and inside the body.”
A
responsiveness (life process)
3
Q
“includes motion of the entire body, individual organs, single cells, or even structures inside cells.”
A
movement (life process)
4
Q
“an increase in overall body size due to an increase in the number and/or size of cells, or the amount of substance surrounding cells.”
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growth (life process)
5
Q
“the process by which unspecialized cells develop into specialized cells; stem cells are the cells which can divide and give rise to progeny that undergo differentiation.”
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differentiation (life process)
6
Q
“the process by which new cells are formed for growth, repair, or replacement or for the production of a new individual.”
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reproduction (life process)
7
Q
“enclosed spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs that are located in them”
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body cavities
8
Q
“the study of structures of the body and the relationships among structures.”
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anatomy (anatomy defined)
9
Q
“the study of functions of the parts of the body; physiology is dependent on anatomy because a body part is able to perform a specific function due to that part’s specific structure.”
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physiology (anatomy defined)
10
Q
Study of: In humans, the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of the egg
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Embryology (subdivision)
11
Q
Study of: The complete developmental history of an individual from fertilization to death
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Developmental Biology (subdivision)
12
Q
Study of: Cellular structure and function
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Cell Biology (subdivision)
13
Q
Study of: Microscopic structure of tissues
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Histology (subdivision)
14
Q
Study of: Surface markings of the body to understand the relationships of deep or internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch). (Teacher: study of superficial markings)
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Surface Anatomy (subdivision)
15
Q
Study of: Internal structure and relationships of the body through the use of sections
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Cross-sectional / Sectional Anatomy (subdivision)
16
Q
Study of: Structures that can be examined without using a microscope (Teacher: structures visible to the naked eye)
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Gross Anatomy (subdivision) (Latin: grossus: thick, large, great)
17
Q
Study of: Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
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Systemic Anatomy (subdivision) (11 organ systems)
18
Q
Study of: Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
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Regional Anatomy (subdivision) (ex. looking at bones, nerves, and blood vessels of the forearm.)
19
Q
Study of: Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and so on
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Imaging / Radiographic Anatomy (subdivision)
20
Q
Study of: Structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease
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Pathological Anatomy (subdivision)
21
Q
“least complex level of structural organization; atoms are organized into molecules”
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chemical level (levels of body organization)
22
Q
at this level, molecules combine to form cells, which can be compared to assembling letters into words.
A
cellular level (levels of body organization)
23
Q
“groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.”
A
tissue level (levels of body organization)
24
Q
_______ tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
A
epithelial tissue (1 of 4 families of tissue)
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_______ tissue connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues. (ex. skin, stratified squamous ep...)
connective tissue (1 of 4 families of tissue)
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_______ tissue contracts (shortens) to make body parts move and generates heat.
muscular tissue (1 of 4 families of tissue)
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_______ tissue carries information from one part of the body to another.
nervous tissue (1 of 4 families of tissue)
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"composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes."
organ level (levels of body organization)
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at this level, "related organs are organized into systems, which are functionally related groups of organs that cooperate to perform a common general function."
system level / organ-system level (levels of body organization)
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at this level, "all the systems are structurally integrated and function cooperatively to constitute the total organism."
organismal level (levels of body organization)
31
Integumentary System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Skin, and structures associated with it, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands and the subcutaneous layer.
Functions: Protects the body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
32
Skeletal System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
33
Muscular System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue, which is muscle usually attached to bones (other muscle tissues include smooth and cardiac).
Functions: Participates in bringing about body movements, such as walking, maintains posture, and produces heat.
34
Nervous System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs, such as the eyes and ears.
Functions: Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
35
Endocrine System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Hormone-producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes) and hormone-producing cells in several other organs.
Functions: Regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ.
36
Cardiovascular System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Functions: Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
37
Lymphatic System and Immunity (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils; cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, and others).
Functions: Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
38
Respiratory System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), and bronchial tubes within the lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
39
Digestive System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Organs of gastrointestinal tract—a long tube that includes the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus; also includes accessory organs that assist in digestive processes, such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Functions: Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
40
Urinary System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Functions: Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
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Reproductive System (1 of 11 system of the body)
Components: Gonads (testes in males and ovaries in females) and associated organs (such as the uterine or fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, ductus deferenses, and penis in males).
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.
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11 systems of the body?
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic and Immunity, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive
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"processes that are essential for life and that distinguish living organisms from nonliving things."
life processes
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The _______ contains the brain, and the ________ contains the spinal cord.
cranial cavity & vertebral (spinal) canal (body cavities)
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this cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic (chest) portion of the vertebral column
thoracic (chest) cavity (body cavities)
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"the walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal are lined by the protective ________"
meninges
47
Name the parts of the thoracic cavity.
2 pleural cavities (potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung), Pericardial cavity (potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart), Mediastinum (central portion of thoracic cavity between lungs (contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels)
48
The viscera of the pelvic cavity include the...
urinarybladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system.
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The viscera of the abdominal cavity include the...
kidneys, adrenal glands, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
50
Name the parts of the abdominopelvic cavity.
superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity
51
"The viscera (organs) within the thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as the walls of these cavities are lined with a ____________; the latter consists of a visceral layer (covering the viscera) and a parietal layer (lining the walls of the cavities) with a lubricating serous fluid between the two layers."
serous membrane
52
The serous membranes of the pleural cavities, pericardial cavity and abdominal cavity are called the _____, _________ and _________, respectively.
pleura, pericardium and peritoneum, respectively
53
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants?
In order to easily describe the precise locations of internal organs, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into nine abdominopelvic regions including the epigastric region, the right lumbar region, the left inguinal (iliac) region, etc.; for clinical purposes, the abdominopelvic cavity is more simply divided into four quadrants known as the right/left, upper/lower quadrants (or RUQ, LUQ, RLQ and LLQ).
54
"techniques and processes used to create images of the human body. They allow visualization of internal structures to diagnose abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology."
Medical Imaging
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"a general term for any abnormality of structure and/or function."
disorder
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"an illness with a definite set of symptoms and signs."
disease
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"subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer."
symptoms
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"objective changes that can be observed and/or measured."
signs
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"indicate the relationship of one part of the body to another."
directional terms
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"cuts of the body or one of its organs made along a plane; named according to the plane along which the cut is made, and include transverse, frontal, and sagittal."
sections
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"imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body or organs into definite areas."
planes
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"a plane dividing the body or organ into right and left sides."
sagittal plane
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"a plane dividing the body into equal right and left sides"
midsagittal plane
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"a plane dividing the body into unequal right and left sides"
parasagittal plane
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"a plane dividing the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions"
frontal plane
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"a plane dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior portions"
transverse plane
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"a plane that passes through the body or an organ at an angle."
oblique plane
68
Regional names are terms given to specific regions of the body. The principal regions are...
the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
69
A body lying face down is ______
prone
70
A body lying face up is ______
supine
71
a technique that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or into a body opening.
noninvasive diagnostic
| technique
72
the first noninvasive diagnostic technique, the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal. (for example, a physician may examine the mouth cavity for evidence of disease.)
inspection
73
the examiner feels body surfaces with the. (An example is palpating the neck to detect enlarged or tender lymph nodes)
palpation
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the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds
auscultation
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the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound
percussion
76
The _____ consists of the skull and face. (region)
head
77
The _____ consists of the neck, thorax, abdomen, and pel- vis.
trunk
78
The _____, a modified portion of the trunk, supports the head and attaches it to the remainder of the trunk.
neck
79
Each ______________ is attached to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm (portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow), forearm (portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist), wrist, and hand.
upper limb (extremity)
80
Each ______________ is also attached to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh (portion of the limb from the buttock to the knee), leg (portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle), ankle, and foot.
lower limb (extremity)
81
The ______ is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs.
groin
82
What is the principle of complementarity?
The idea that the structure will give hints at function (and vice versa)
83
Humans are CHNOPS
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur
84
flattest thinnest of all epithelial cells - areas in your body where you see lots of diffusion
simple squamous epithelium ("simple" means flat)
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epithelium in area where there is lots of secretion
simple cuboidal epithelium
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epithelium in areas with high absorption (line most organs of digestive tract)
simple columnar epithelium
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epithelium in areas of high filtration (i.e. nasal passageways, respiratory)
pseudostratified epithelium
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This tissue can be summed up by the word "support".
connective tissue (examples: cartilage, blood, bones, tendons (dense fibrous connective tissue), heart and lungs (elastic tissue - inflation/deflation), loose connective tissue)
89
This tissue can be summed up by the word "cover"
epithelial tissue (do not need to know subtypes for exam)
90
This tissue can be summed up by the word "movement"
muscular tissue (3 types: cardiac [heart, mostly involuntary], smooth [all vessel organs (hollow), except heart (lungs, intestine, pancreas, gall bladder], skeletal muscle [mostly voluntary, but muscle tone necessary just to stand and not collapse]
91
This tissue can be summed up by the word "control"
nervous tissue (internal: constriction or opening of sweat glands; sugar levels) (90% of brain operates subconsciously) (2 types: nerves/neurons [do not divide, except maybe in brain] and neuroglia [supporting cells, do divide]. Ratio of neuroglia to nerves is 10-1)
92
The largest organ in the body is ______.
skin
93
A blood vessel is an _______
organ (basically, tubular organs found within other organs; innermost layer is made up of simple squamous...)
94
2 main functions of lymphatic system.
(a) Return fluid back to heart and (b) immunity
95
This is the 2nd master control system after the nervous system
Endocrine System
96
The major stimulus of this system is to get rid of CO2.
Respiratory system (you can hardly ever go into oxygen death)
97
This system is responsible for electrolyte balance
Urinary System (if pH hits 7.0, you will go into a coma)
98
Some life processes not listed in the text include _______ and _______
digestion and excretion (metabolism is breakdown of glucose in parent cell, but have to digest and separate glucose before metabolism can occur)
99
The 2 subdivisions of the dorsal cavity are ____ and ____
cranial cavity and vertebral canal
100
Every serous membrane is made up of 2 layers, the ____ layer comes in contact with cavity that organ is in.
parietal layer
101
Every serous membrane is made up of 2 layers, the ____ layer lines the organ itself.
visceral layer
102
Serousa lining lungs.
Pleura (1 of 3 P's)
103
Serousa lining heart
Pericardium (1 of 3 P's)
104
Serousa lining the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum (1 of 3 P's)
105
The intestine is found in ___ regions.
All 9 regions
106
This life process can be described as "irritability" or "excitability"
responsiveness
