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MT 12 LAB - Prelim Lessons > 01 - Laboratory Safety and Healthcare Waste Management > Flashcards

01 - Laboratory Safety and Healthcare Waste Management Flashcards

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1
Q

Safety in the Clinical Laboratory

What are the types of hazards you encounter in a laboratory?

A
  1. Biological Hazard
  2. Sharps Hazard
  3. Chemical Hazard
  4. Radioactive Hazard
  5. Electrical Hazard
  6. Fire/ Explosive Hazard
  7. Physical Hazard
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2
Q

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

BIOLOGICAL HAZARD

Source(s):
- Infectious agents

Possible Injury:
- Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, Parasitic Infections

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3
Q

SHARPS HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

SHARPS HAZARD

Source(s):
- Needles
- Lancets
- Broken glass

Possible Injury:
- Cuts
- Punctures
- Blood-borne Pathogen Exposure

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4
Q

CHEMICAL HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

CHEMICAL HAZARD

Source(s):
- Preservatives
- Reagents

Possible Injury:
- Exposure to Toxic, Carcinogenic, and Caustic agents

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5
Q

RADIOACTIVE HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

RADIOACTIVE HAZARD

Source(s):
- Equipment
- Radioisotopes

Possible Injury:
- Radiation exposure

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6
Q

ELECTRICAL HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

ELECTRICAL HAZARD

Source(s):
- Ungrounded or wet equipment
- Frayed cords

Possible Injury:
- Burns or Shock

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7
Q

FIRE/ EXPLOSIVE HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

FIRE/ EXPLOSIVE HAZARD

Source(s):
- Bunsen burners
- Organic chemicals

Possible Injury:
- Burns or Dismemberment

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8
Q

PHYSICAL HAZARD

Source:

Possible Injury:

A

PHYSICAL HAZARD

Source(s):
- Wt floors
- Heavy boxes
- Patients

Possible Injury:
- Falls
- Sprains
- Strains

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9
Q

Sources of biological hazard involving the laboratory usually come from __

A

patient specimen, including blood products and other body fluids like urine, cerebrospinal fluid, seminal fluid, etc.)

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10
Q

Type of Hazard

Hazard brought about by living organisms infecting and causing diseases to humans ang animals

A

Biological Hazard

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11
Q

Biological Hazards are present in ___

A

specimens tested in the clinical laboratory

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12
Q

These are major biological risks

A

Blood-borne pathogens

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13
Q

Mandates that all laboratory workers must observe the universal precaution

What is the universal precaution?

A

Occupational Safety Health Act (OSHA)

Universal Precaution: You must treat every specimen as if they are infectious

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14
Q

What are the three (3) main components of the Chain of Infection?

A

1. Source

  • Hand washing
  • Bio-hazardous waste disposal
  • Decontamination
  • Specimen bagging

2. Host

  • Standard precautions
  • Immunization
  • Healthy lifestyle
  • Exposure control plan
  • Postexposure prophylaxis

3. Transmission

  • Hand washing
  • Personal Protective Equipment
  • Aerosol prevention
  • Sterile/ disposable equipment
  • Pest control
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15
Q

In the updated “Chain of Infection”, what are its six (6) main components?

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
    3.Portal of Exit
  3. Means of Transmission
  4. Portal of Entry
  5. Susceptible Host
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16
Q

Chain of Infection

Infectious Agent

A
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
  • Viruses
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17
Q

Chain of Infection

Reservoir

A
  • Humans
  • Animals
  • Insects
  • Fomites
  • Blood/ body fluids

Break the link
- Disinfection
- Hand hygiene

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18
Q

Chain of Infection

Portal of Exit

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Mucous membranes
  • Specimen collection

Break the link
- Sealed biohazardous waste containers
- Sealed specimen containers
- Hand hygiene
- Standard precautions

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19
Q

Chain of Infection

Means of Transmission

A
  • Droplet
  • Airborne
  • Contact
  • Vector
  • Vehicle

Break the link
- Hand hygiene
- Standard precautions
- PPE
- Patient isolation

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20
Q

Chain of Infection

Portal of Entry

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Mucous membranes
    -Skin
  • Unsterile equipment

Break the link
- Hand hygiene
- Standard precautions
- PPE
- Sterile equipment

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21
Q

Chain of Infection

Susceptible host

A
  • Patients
  • Elderly
  • Newborns
  • Immunocompromised
  • Healthy lifestyle-care workers

Break the link
- Immunization
- Patient isolation
- Nursery precautions
- Healthy lifestyle

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22
Q

When done correctly, is the single most effective way to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in all settings.

A

Handwashing

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

It is the best way to break the chain of infection

A

Handwashing

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25
The handwashing song. How many times is it repeated in handwashing?
“Happy birthday” repeated twice
26
Steps in Doing Handwashing
1. Turn on the faucet and wet hands with warm water 2. Apply soap, rub to form a lather, create friction, and loosen debris 3. Thoroughly clean between the fingers under the fingernails for at least 20 seconds; include thumbs and wrists in the cleaning 4. Rinse hands in completely to prevent recontamination of hands and wrists 5. Obtain paper towel from the dispenser 6. Dry hands with paper towel 7. Turn off faucets with a clean paper towel to prevent contamination
27
Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) include:
- Gloves - Fluid-Resistant Lab Gowns - Goggles - Masks - Face shields
28
**Personal Protective Equipment** Gloves
* Should be worn when **in contact** with patients, specimens, and laboratory equipment or fixtures * When specimens are collected, it must be **changed between every patient**
29
**Personal Protective Equipment** Fluid-Resistant Lab Gowns
* With **cuffs** * Should be worn **completely buttoned** * Gloves should be pulled over the cuffs
30
**Personal Protective Equipment** Masks
* Protects the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, and mouth from specimen, splashes, and aerosols
31
TRUE OR FALSE A variety of protective equipment should be available (including goggles, masks, and face shields)
True
32
Why should particular care be taken when handling specimens?
- To avoid splashes when removing container topics, pouring specimens, and centrifuging specimens
33
Biological Waste Disposal ALL biological waste, except ____, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with the ____.
ALL biological waste, except **urine**, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with the **biohazard symbol**
34
Biological Waste Disposal How should you discard a urine sample? How do you disinfect it after?
Discard urine by pouring it into a laboratory sink, avoid splashing, then flush with water. Disinfection of the sink using a **1:5 or 1:10 dilution** of *sodium hypochlorite* should be performed *daily*
35
**Types of Hazard** Sharps Hazard
All sharps, including needles and broken glass, will be disposed of in **labeled plastic sharps containers**
36
**Sharps Hazard** Should you recap needles after usage?
**NO recapping of needles.** Needles may be recapped only by using a *mechanical device*
37
**Sharps Hazard** Sharp containers must be…
* Closable, puncture-resistant, and leak proof on sides and bottoms * Labeled “biohazard”
38
**Chemical Hazard** A chemical is considered hazardous if it is determined to be:
[FETCIE] * **F**lamable * **E**xplosive * **T**oxic/ Poisonous * **C**orrosive * **I**ritant * **E* Environment hazard
39
2 Equipment in the Clinical Laboratory in case of Chemical Hazards
1. Emergency Showers 2. Emergency Eye Wash Station *All laboratory personnel should know the location and proper use of emergency showers and eye wash stations*
40
**Chemical Hazard** Best first aid for Chemical Spills
Flush the area with large amounts of water for **at least 15 minutes** and seek medical attention Do not neutralize chemicals that come in contact with the skin
41
**Chemical Hazard** Chemical Handling - Handling acids and water - Pipetting by mouth
* **Acid should always be aded to water** to avoid the possibility of sudden splashing caused by rapid generation of heat in some chemical reactions * Pipetting by mouth is **unacceptable** in the laboratory
42
OSHA requires all facilities that use hazardous chemicals to have a written ___ available for all employees. What is the purpose of this?
**Chemical Hygiene Plan** The purpose of the plan is to detail the following: 1. Appropriate work practices 2. Standard operating procedures 3. PPE 4.Engineering controls, such as fumes goods and flammable safety cabinet 5. Employee training reqiurements 6. Medical consultation guidelines
43
**Chemical Hazard** Chemical labeling
Hazardous chemicals should be labeled with **a description of their particular hazard**, such as *poisonous, corrosive, or carcinogenic*
44
This has developed the standard system for the identification of the fire hazard materials. What is this symbol system used for?
**National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)** This symbol system is used to inform fire fighters of the hazards they may encounter in a particular area
45
_____ are major biological risks
*Blood-borne pathogensbbb*
46
47
In the NFPA diamond for Hazardous Materials Classification, what does the color **red** indicate?
**Red Quadrant - Fire Hazard** (Flammability) Flash Points 4 - Below 73 F 3 - Below 100 F 2 - Above 100 F not exceeding 200 F 1 - Above 200 F 0 - Will not burn
48
In the NFPA diamond for Hazardous Materials Classification, what does the color **yellow** indicate?
**Yellow Quadrant- Instability** *Stability/ Reactivity) 4 - May detonate 3 - Shock & heat, May detonate 2 - Violent chemical change 1 - Unstable if heated 0 - Stable
49
In the NFPA diamond for Hazardous Materials Classification, what does the color **white** indicate?
**White Quadrant - Specific Hazard** ACID - Acid ALK - Alkali COR - Corrosive OXY - Oxidizer P - Polymerization *Please review the other symbols*
50
In the NFPA diamond, what does the color **blue** indicate?
**Blue Quadrant - Health hazard** (Health) 4 - Deadly 3 - Extreme danger 2 - Hazardous 1 - Slightly hazardous 0 - Normal material
51
A document that contains information on the potential hazards (health, fire, reactivity, and environmental) and how to work safely with the chemical product. What should this document include?
**Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)** It should include: 1. Physical and chemical characteristics 2. Fire and explosion potential 3. Reactivity potential 4. Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures 5. Methods for safe handling and disposal 6. Primary routes of entry 7. Exposure limits and carcinogenic potential
52
Type of hazard involving X-Rays
Radioactive hazards
53
**Type of Hazards** Electrical Hazard What are the precautions we need to remember when dealing with this type of hazard?
* All electric equipment must be grounded with three-pronged plugs * If electric shock accidents occur, never touch the person or the equipment involved * Turn off the circuit-breaker/unplug the equipment/ move the equipment using a nonconductive glass or wood object
54
**Fire/Explosive Hazard” If a fire is discovered…
**RACE** **R[escue]** - Rescue anyone in immediate danger **A[larm]** - Activate the institutional fire alarm system **C[ontain]** - Close all doors to potentially affected areas **E[xtinguish]** - Attempt to extinguish the fire, if possible; exit the area
55
**Fire/Explosive Hazard** To operate a fire extinguisher…
**PASS** **P[ull]** - Pull the pin **A[im]** - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire **S[queeze]** - Squeeze the handle **S[weep]** - Sweep the nozzle side to side NOTE: Know your extinguisher. Use the correct extinguisher (Check its label for detailed instructions)
56
**Type of Fire Extinguisher** Type A * Type of Hazard * Type of Extinguisher
**TYPE A** **Type of Hazard**: Ordinary Combustibles (Cloth, paper, rubbish, plastics, and wood) **Type of Extinguisher**: Water, Dry Chemical, Loaded Steam
57
**Type of Fire Extinguisher** Type B * Type of Hazard * Type of Extinguisher
**TYPE B** **Type of Hazard**: Flammable Liquids (Grease, Gasoline, Paints, and Oil) **Type of Extinguisher**: Dry Chemical, Carbon Dioxide, Foam, Halon
58
**Type of Fire Extinguisher** Type C * Type of Hazard * Type of Extinguisher
**TYPE C** **Type of Hazard**: Electrical Equipment and Motor Switches **Type of Extinguisher**: Carbon Dioxide, Dry Chemical, Halon
59
**Type of Fire Extinguisher** Type D * Type of Hazard * Type of Extinguisher
**TYPE D** **Type of Hazard**: Flammable Metals (Mercury, Magnesium, Sodium, and Lithium) **Type of Extinguisher**: Metal X *(Should be fought by fire fighters only)*
60
**Type of Fire Extinguisher** Type E * Type of Hazard * Type of Extinguisher
**TYPE D** **Type of Hazard**: Detonation (Arsenal Fire) **Type of Extinguisher**: Usually allowed to burn out and nearby materials protected
61
**Physical Hazard** General Precautions
1. Avoid running in rooms and hallways 2. Watch for wet floors 3. Bend knees when lifting heavy objects 4. Keep long hair pulled back 5. Avoid dangling jewelry 6. Maintain a clean, organized work area 7. Wear closed-toe shoes that provide maximum support and comfort
62
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Black** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Non-infectious dry waste
63
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Green** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Non-infectious wet waste (kitchen, dietary, etc.)
64
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Yellow** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Infectious and pathological waste
65
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Yellow with Black Band** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Chemical waste, including those with heavy metals
66
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Orange** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Radioactive waste
67
**Healthcare Waste Disposal** Color: **Red** What type of waste should be thrown in this container/ bag?
Sharps and pressurized containers
68
This is the most significant hazard encountered in the laboratory
Biological Hazard
69
The best way to break the chain of infection
Handwashing

MT 12 LAB - Prelim Lessons (3 decks)

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