#02

Question 1

sensory information can be

Answer 1

remote (exteroceptive), i.e. from objects not directly in contact with an organism: visual system, auditory system, olfactory system or;
– proximate, i.e. from objects in contact with the body; taste system, skin sensors of somatosensory system
internal (interoceptive),

Question 2

Properties of CNS

Answer 2

-Control System
-Multi level (hierarchical structure)
-Autonomus
-Self organizing

Question 3

How are new synapses formed on a cellular level?

Answer 3

– Proteins need to be readily available at synapses to remodel the cytoskeleton
– mRNAs are not transported as free molecules, but complexed with RNA-binding proteins in dormant ‘granules’ stored in neuronal processes
– Synaptic activation of the dormant granule releases beta-actin mRNA from the masked state
– Local translation can now remodel the cytoskeleton, strengthening the synaptic contact

Question 4

most CNS neurons and all peripheral motor neurons are

Answer 4

multipolar neurons

Question 5

most peripheral sensory and all sensory neurons are

Answer 5

pseudo-unipolar neurons

Question 6

bipolar neurons

Answer 6

retina, inner ear

Question 7

neuron doctrine

Answer 7

All physiological (and today, psychological) properties of the CNS are determined by the electrochemical activity of neurons.
– Neurons are stand-alone processing units and do not form cytoplasmic
continuity (syncytia) with other neurons as other electrically excitable cells do (e.g. cardiac muscle cells).
– Neurons transfer information to other neurons via cell processes (axons and dendrites).
– Transfer of information between
neurons is effected through a
specialized junction, the synapse, by
chemical (neurotransmitter) or
electrical means
-Interaction between neurotransmitters and receptors on the receiving neuron
determine whether the receiving neuron is ‘excited’ (+) or ‘inhibited’ (–).

Question 8

spatial processing

Answer 8

the eye transmits the whole image simultaneously over some
one million axons. Because of the enormous number of synapses, the original
representation of the image can be preserved through subsequent processing stages.
Spatial processing occurs in the somatosensory, auditory, gustatory (taste), and olfactory
sensory systems. In motor cortex, a topographically organized map of the body, limbs
and individual muscles can be maintained