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EPPP B3: Physio & Psychopharm > 02_Brain Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

02_Brain Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Hindbrain:

Three components

A

Medulla

Pons

Cerebellum

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2
Q

Medulla:

Overview

A

Information flow between spinal cord and brain

Swallowing, coughing and sneezing

Breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure

*Damage to Medulla is often fatal

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3
Q

Cerebellum:

Overview

A

Coordinated and refined motor movements

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4
Q

Possible result of damage to the cerebellum

A

Ataxia

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5
Q

Ataxia

A

Slurred speech

Severe tremors

Loss of balance

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6
Q

Midbrain:

Three components

A

Superior and inferior colliculi

Substantia nigra

Reticular formation

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7
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi

A

Routes for visual and auditory information, respectively

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8
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Motor activity

[Also plays role in brain’s reward system]

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9
Q

Reticular formation:

Location

A

Extends from spinal cord through the hindbrain and midbrain into the hypothalamus in the forebrain

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10
Q

Reticular Formation:

Functions

A

Respiration

Coughing

Vomiting

Posture

Locomotion

REM sleep

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11
Q

Reticular activating system (RAS)

A

Screens sensory input, especially during sleep

Arouses higher centers in the brain when important information must be processed

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12
Q

Forebrain: Subcortical structures

Hypothalamus

A

Hunger

Thirst

Sex

Sleep

Body temperature

Movement

Emotional reactions

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13
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

Mediates sleep-wake cycle

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14
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Involved in learning and memory

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15
Q

Two components of the Hypothalamus

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Mammillary Bodies

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16
Q

Hypothalamus and Homeostasis

A

Hypothalamus monitors body’s internal states and initiates responses needed to maintain homeostasis

Influences:
ANS
Pituitary gland
Other endocrine glands

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17
Q

Basal ganglia:

Three forebrain structures

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

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18
Q

Basal Ganglia:

Main Functions

A

Sensorimotor learning

Motor expressions of emotional states

(e.g. smiling when happy, frowning when sad, running when afraid)

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19
Q

Diseases associated with Basal Ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease

Parkinson’s disease

Tourette’s disorder

OCD

ADHD

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20
Q

Basal ganglia and ADHD

A

Behavioral disinhibition linked to smaller caudate nucleus and globus pallidus

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21
Q

Limbic system:

Three Main Structures

A

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cingulate cortex

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22
Q

Amygdala:

Functions

A

Motivational and emotional activities

Associates emotions to memories

Recall of emotionally charged experiences

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23
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

Effects of Bilateral lesions in amygdala and temporal lobes

A

Reduced fear and aggression

Increased docility

Compulsive oral exploratory behaviors

Altered dietary habits

Produce hypersexuality and “psychic blindness”

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24
Q

Psychic Blindness

A

Inability to recognize significance or meaning of events or objects

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25
Hippocampus: Functions
Learning and memory Converts short-term declarative memories to long-term memories Essential for formation of visual images
26
Cingulate Cortex
Attention Emotion Subjective experience of pain
27
Which limbic system structure is least associated with emotional responding?
Hippocampus
28
One exception to contralateral representation
Olfaction
29
Dominant/Left Hemisphere
95% of Right-Handed people 50% of Left-handed people Written and spoken language Logical, analytical thinking
30
Non-Dominant/Right Hemisphere functions
Spatial relationships Creativity Facial recognition
31
Brain lateralization
Hemispheric specialization Present at birth
32
Vision: Left Hemisphere
Letters, Words
33
Vision: Right Hemisphere
Complex geometric patterns Facial recognition
34
Audition: Left Hemisphere
Language related sounds
35
Audition: Right hemisphere
Music and other non-language sounds
36
Memory: Left hemisphere
Verbal memory
37
Memory: Right hemisphere
Nonverbal memory
38
Language: Left hemisphere
Speech Reading Writing Arithmetic
39
Language: Right hemisphere
Emotional content of language
40
Spatial processing: left hemisphere
n/a
41
Spatial processing: right hemisphere
Geometry Sense of direction
42
Emotion: Left hemisphere
Positive emotions
43
Emotion: Right hemisphere
Negative emotions
44
Reasoning: Left hemisphere
Analytical Logical
45
Reasoning: Right hemisphere
Holistic Intuitive
46
Frontal lobe: Components
Primary Motor Cortex Supplementary Motor Area Premotor Cortex Broca's Area Prefrontal Cortex
47
Parietal Lobe: Main component
Somatosensory cortex Located on post-central gyrus
48
Somatosensory cortex: Functions
Pressure Temperature Pain Proprioception Gustation
49
Common symptoms of Parietal Lobe Damage
Apraxia Tactile agnosia Asomatognosia Anosognosia Contralateral Neglect Gerstmann's syndrome
50
Parietal Lobe Damage: Apraxia
Inability to perform skilled motor movements | *in the absence of* impaired motor functioning
51
Parietal Lobe Damage: Anosognosia
Inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
52
Parietal Lobe Damage: Contralateral Neglect
Loss of knowledge or loss of interest in left side of the body
53
Parietal Lobe Damage: Ideational apraxia
Inability to carry out a sequence of actions
54
Parietal Lobe Damage: Ideomotor apraxia
Inability to carry a simple action in response to a command
55
Parietal Lobe Damage: Gerstmann's syndrome
Finger agnosia Right-left confusion Agraphia Acalculia
56
Temporal lobe: Two important areas
Auditory cortex Wernicke's Area (usually left hemisphere)
57
Wernicke's Aphasia
Receptive aphasia Deficits in language comprehension Abnormalities in language production
58
Occipital Lobe: Main component
Visual cortex | a.k.a. striate cortex
59
Posterior Visual cortex
High-resolution macular vision | central retina
60
Anterior Visual Cortex
Peripheral vision

EPPP B3: Physio & Psychopharm (21 decks)

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