02_Platforms and Network Effects_2025 Flashcards

(19 cards)

1
Q

Was sind Plattformen und Netzwerkeffekte? What are platforms and network effects?

A

Platforms connect users; network effects describe how a product’s value increases with the number of users.

Plattformen verbinden Nutzer; Netzwerkeffekte beschreiben, dass der Wert eines Produkts mit der Nutzeranzahl steigt.

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2
Q

What are economies of scale (Skaleneffekte)?

A

Cost advantages arising from large production volumes; unit costs decrease as output increases.

Kostenvorteile durch große Produktionsmengen; sinkende Stückkosten.

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3
Q

What is positive feedback in markets?

A

Adoption of a product or standard in the past increases the likelihood of future adoption (not the same as network effects).

Frühere Nutzung eines Produkts oder Standards erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit der weiteren Verbreitung (nicht gleich Netzwerkeffekte).

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4
Q

Why did the QWERTY keyboard layout prevail?
Warum setzte sich das QWERTY-Tastaturlayout durch?

A

High switching costs led to positive feedback and market tipping.

Hohe Wechselkosten führten zu positivem Feedback und Marktdominanz.

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5
Q

What are direct network effects?

A

A product’s value directly increases with the number of users.

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6
Q

How should products with direct network effects be priced?

A

Set a lower initial price to attract more users and increase demand.

Niedriger Startpreis, um mehr Nutzer anzuziehen und Nachfrage zu steigern.

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7
Q

What are indirect network effects?

A

A product’s value increases with the spread of complementary products.

Der Nutzen steigt durch die Verbreitung ergänzender Produkte.

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8
Q

What does Metcalfe’s Law state?

A

The value of a network is roughly proportional to the square of the number of users (N²).

Der Wert eines Netzwerks ist proportional zum Quadrat der Nutzeranzahl (N²).

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9
Q

Why is it difficult to empirically validate Metcalfe’s Law?

A

Due to poor data quality, different network developments, and varying market definitions.

Schlechte Datenqualität, unterschiedliche Netzwerkentwicklungen, variierende Marktdefinitionen.

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10
Q

What is a multi-sided platform?

A

A platform that connects different user groups and enables direct interactions.

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11
Q

What functions can a platform have?

A

Connectivity, matching, variety, price setting.

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12
Q

What are cross-network effects?

A

A user’s benefit increases as the number of users on the other side of the market grows.

Der Nutzen eines Nutzers steigt mit der Zahl der Nutzer auf der anderen Marktseite.

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13
Q

How do platforms make money?

A

By subsidizing one side (loss-leader) and profiting from the other (e.g., Facebook: free users, revenue from advertisers).

Subventionierung einer Seite (Verlustführer), Gewinn durch die andere (z.B. Facebook: Nutzer kostenlos, Einnahmen durch Werbung).

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14
Q

What is meant by “open” vs. “closed” platforms?

A

Open: anyone can participate.

Closed: participation requires authorization and is more regulated.

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15
Q

What does Rochet and Tirole’s model say about platform pricing?

A

Prices on both sides depend on the combined price elasticity of demand.

Preise hängen von der kombinierten Preiselastizität der Nachfrage beider Seiten ab.

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16
Q

What strategies are important to grow platforms?

A

Achieve critical mass, provide standalone value, manage information asymmetry, build trust, increase compatibility, prevent disintermediation.

Kritische Masse erreichen, eigenständigen Nutzen bieten, Informationsasymmetrien managen, Vertrauen aufbauen, Kompatibilität erhöhen, Disintermediation verhindern.

17
Q

What insights did the Farronato et al. (2023) study provide?

A

Platform mergers create network effects but do not necessarily increase overall user benefits.

Platform mergers create network effects but do not necessarily increase overall user benefits.

18
Q

Why is platform differentiation important?

A

It increases variety and competition intensity, leading to better outcomes for users.

Sie erhöht Vielfalt und Wettbewerbsintensität, was zu besseren Nutzerergebnissen führt.

19
Q

Why can a platform operate both products and a platform simultaneously?

Warum können Produkte und Plattformen gleichzeitig betrieben werden?

A

A platform strategy can complement an existing product offering (e.g., Amazon & Amazon Marketplace).

Plattformansatz kann ein bestehendes Produktangebot ergänzen (z.B. Amazon & Amazon Marketplace).