03 - Amoebae, Trichomonads, Histomonads

Question 1

(Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae)

1. name two species
2. normally inhabit what?
3. anaerobic, aerobic, or facultative?

Answer 1

1. naegleria spp. & acanthamoeba spp.
2. soil, stagnant water, sewage
3. facultative (parasites of humans and animals)

Question 2

(Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae)

(Acanthamoeba spp.)

1. most common amoeba of freshwater and soil
2. can enter what if immunocompromised?
3. most commonly enters via what?

Answer 2

2. CNS
3. broken skin

(contact lenses and corneal abrasians –> keratitis)

Question 3

(Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae)

(Naegleria fowleri)

1. where do they live?
2. when does it proliferate?
3. found in what?

Answer 3

1. stagnant bodies of water, thermal pools (resistant to heat), unhygenic swimming pools
2. hot, dry, conditions
3. humans, dogs, sheep

Question 4

1. What causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?

Answer 4

1. naegleria fowleri

(then read)

Question 5

(The flagellates)

1. Sub-kingdom?
2. phylum?
3. sub-phylum?

Answer 5

1. protozoa
2. sarcomastigophora
3. mastigophora

Question 6

(The flagellates)

1-2 What are the two major divisions?

Answer 6

1. mucosoflagellates (trichomonads, histomonads, giardia)
2. hemoflagellates (trypanosomes, leishmanias)

Question 7

(Clicker)

1. amoebae are important parasites in humans as well as dogs - true or false?

Answer 7

1. true

Question 8

(Clicker)

1. Naegleria typically infect humans via what?

Answer 8

1. the nose

Question 9

Answer 9

D

Question 10

(The flagellates)

(Trichomonoads)

(say which animal affected)

1. tritrichomonas foetus -
2. trichomonas gallinae -
3. trichomonas vaginalis -
4. tetratrichomonas gallinarum -

Answer 10

1. cattle, cats
2. pigeons
3. humans
4. galliform bird

Question 11

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

1. host?
2. where in female?
3. in male?

Answer 11

1. cattle
2. uterus
3. preputial cavity (sheath)

Question 12

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

Question 13

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

1. How many anterior flagella?

Answer 13

1. 3

(then just read)

Question 14

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

(life cycle)

1. multiply how?
2. have cysts?
3. how transmitted?
4. temporary in bulls?
5. Cows infected via vagina and maintain infection in uterus.. what are three possible results?

Answer 14

1. binary fission
2. no
3. coitus, AI
4. bulls stay persistently infected
5. some self cure in 3 months, some develop sterile immunity, some become permanent carriers

Question 15

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

(pathogenesis)

(bulls)

1. infection maintained where?
2. symptoms?
3. does it affect fertility or breeding efficiency?

(cows)

1. usually produces what?
2. can it cause abortion?
3. infection may lead to retained placenta
4. if severe endometritis can cause what?

Answer 15

1. preputial cavity
2. usually symptomatic
3. no
4. low grade endometritis
5. yes (early term)
6. sterility

Question 16

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

(Diagnosis)

Answer 16

Question 17

(flagellates)

(tritrichomonas foetus)

(cats)

Answer 17

Question 18

(flagellates)

(Trichomonas Gallinae)

1. parasite of what in birds?
2. hosts?
3. produce ulceration and inflammation with extensive yellowish or greenish lesions
4. lesions may extend to liver and lungs causing heavy mortality

Answer 18

1. mouth, esophagus, and crop
2. pigeons, morning doves, raptors that feed on pigeons, seen in chicken and turkeys

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

Answer 20

E

Question 21

Answer 21

D

Question 22

Answer 22

D

Question 23

Answer 23

C

Question 24

(clicker)

1. Histomonas meleagridis liver lesions may be pathogonimc - true or false

Answer 24

1. true

Question 25

(Tetratrichomonas Gallinarum) 1. affect what? 2. where in body? 3. transmission? 4. Characteristic lesion?

Answer 25

1. galliform birds (chicken and turkeys) 2. lower intestine 3. fecal/oral 4. granulomatous, liver lesions

Question 26

(Flagellates) (Trichomonas Vaginalis) 1. affect what? 2. how transmitted? 3. where in body? 4. symptoms in male? in female?

Answer 26

1. humans 2. sexually transmitted 3. vagina, urethra, prostate 4. asymptomatic; vaginitis (w/discharge)

Question 27

(?)

Question 28

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) 1. Causative agent of what? 2. Important disease of what two animals?

Answer 28

1. blackhead 2. chicken and turkey (esp. turkey!)

Question 29

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) (Hosts) 1. What are the definitive hosts? 2. Which is severley affected? 3. Which is often asymptomatic? 4. intermediate host? 5. transport host?

Answer 29

1. gallinaceous birds 2. Turkeys (also chukkar partride and ruff grouse... but just remember turkeys) 3. Chickens (also peafowl, guinea hens, pheasants and bobwhite quail... just remember chickens) 4. cecal worm (heterakis gallinarum) 5. earthworm (can carry long time), flies, grasshoppers, sowbugs, crickets

Question 30

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) 1. What is the distribution? (structure) 2. one form... or pleomorphic? 3. where is flagellated form found?

Answer 30

1. worldwide (cosmopolitan) 2. pleomorphic (3 forms) 3. lumen of the ceca

Question 31

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) (Life Cycle) 1. Reproduce How? 2. principal transmission?

Answer 31

1. binary fission 2. ingesting eggs of heterakis gallinarum

Question 32

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) (cecal worm - heterakis gallinarum) 1. nematode of galliformes 2. consumes flagellate form where? 3. then what happens? 4. flagellates then do what in cecal worms?

Answer 32

2. in cecum 3. flagellates multiply (therefore heterakis gallinarum are intermediate hosts...) 4. penetrate oocytes --\> infect eggs (check out thing)

Question 33

(Histomonas Meleagradis) (Epidemiology) 1. histomonads and cecal worms very common in what? 2. What disease does this cause in turkeys? what ages affected? worst?

Answer 33

1. chickens (wild birds can be asymptomatic carriers) 2. black head disease all 3-12 weeks (also affect young chickens)

Question 34

(Histomonas Meleagridis) (Pathogenesis) 1. Invade wall of what? then do what? 2. cause what in liver? when?

Answer 34

1. cecum, produce lesions (8th day), travel to liver via blood 2. lesions (pathognomonic)/liver enlarges; by 10th day

Question 35

(Histomonas Meleagradis) (clinical signs) 1. what colored droppings? 2. four more signs 3. can it cause death?

Answer 35

1. sulfur 2. drowsiness, anorexia, cyanotic head, fever 3. yes

Question 36

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) (diagnosis) 1. how do you diagnose?

Answer 36

1. history, lesions, signs, microscopic identification

Question 37

(the flagellates) (Histomonas Meleagridis) (Prevention/Control) 1. restrict access to what? 2. preventative chemotherapy using what?

Answer 37

1. chickens/earthworms/heterakis eggs 2. nitarsone in feed

Question 38

Don't worry about this pp83-97 - guess we will be coming back to this

Question 39

(Balamuthia Mandrillaris) 1. Free living amoeba 2. causes what in humans? 3. can cause what deadly neurological condition?

Answer 39

2. amoebiasis 3. _granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE)_