03- Endocrine

Question 1

receptor for insulin?

Answer 1

receptor kinases

Question 2

what are three kind of cell receptor?

Answer 2

GPCR

receptor kinases

nuclear receptors

Question 3

which receptors are cell surface and which are intracellular?

Answer 3

cell surface: GPCR, receptor kinases

intracellular: nuclear kinase receptor

Question 4

what activates class 1 nuclear receptors?

Answer 4

steroid hormones (bind to heat shock proteins)

Question 5

what activates class 2 nuclear receptors?

Answer 5

lipids

Question 6

what activates class 3 nuclear receptors?

Answer 6

(hybrid) T3

Question 7

give examples of tyrosine derived hormones?

Answer 7

adrenaline

thyroid hormone

melatonin

Question 8

describe mineralocorticoid activity?

Answer 8

refers to sodium retention in exchange for potassium and/or hydorgen

Question 9

describe diabetes insipidus

Answer 9

can’t secrete ADH so less water resorption leadign to high sodium to try compensate

Question 10

insulin inhibits lipolysis true/false

Answer 10

true

Question 11

what is glucose phosphorylated to in the pancreas?

Answer 11

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 12

ketones are derived from what?

Answer 12

acetyl-CoA (B oxidation)

Question 13

what are incretins?

Answer 13

intestinal secretion of insulin

GLP-1 from L cells

GIP from K cells

Question 14

what is humalog mix25

Answer 14

25% short acting

75% long acting

Question 15

mechanism of sulphonylurea’s

Answer 15

displace ADP-Mg from SUR1 to promote insulin release

Question 16

what is exenatide?

Answer 16

incretin analogue

Question 17

which transporter moves glucose into skeletal muscle?

Answer 17

GLUT4

Question 18

what is the normal anion gap?

Answer 18

10-18

Question 19

raised albumin indicates what?

Answer 19

renal damage

(established microalbuminaemia 2/3 tests +ve)

Question 20

what percentage of diabeteic men suffer erectile dysfunction?

Answer 20

50%

Question 21

thyroglobulin is secereted by which cells?

which cells is it stored in?

Answer 21

secreted by follicular cells

stored in colloid

Question 22

which thryoid cancer develops from C cells?

Answer 22

medullary

Question 23

papillary thyroid carcinoma spread lymphatically/haematologically

Answer 23

lymphatically

Question 24

what are the three zones of tehe renal medulla

Answer 24

zona fasciculata

zona reticularis

zona glomerulosa

Question 25

what do each of the zones of the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 25

zona fasciculata → cortisol zona reticularis → androgens zona glomerulosa → aldosterone

Question 26

management of pheochromocytoma?

Answer 26

alpha blocker followed by beta blocker fluid replacment surgical excision

Question 27

which gene is involved in MEN 1 and MEN2?

Answer 27

MEN1- 11q tumour suppressor MEN2- 10q RET proto oncogene

Question 28

what is the most common congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

Answer 28

21-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency

Question 29

what investigavtive scan is used for hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 29

sestamibi scan