03 - Energy Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
A
It is the law the energy can never be create nor destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed.
2
Q
What is an energy system?
A
It is a system that is able to interact with its surrounding whether it’s throuh energy or matter.
3
Q
What is an open system?
A
It is a sysem that can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings.
4
Q
What is a closed system?
A
A closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings, but it cannot exchange matter with its surroundings.
5
Q
Is total energy maintained through transfers and transformations in a closed system?
A
Yes.
6
Q
How is total energy maintained through transfers and transformations in a closed system?
A
Total energy remains constant, though it may change forms within the system.
7
Q
What is energy efficiency?
A
I is a measure of how efficiently enrgy is converted into useful work or output.
8
Q
What is the formula for energy efficiency?
A
Energy efficiency (%) = Useful energy output / Total energy input x 100
9
Q
What is energy loss?
A
It is the portion of energy that is not used for i’s intened purpose and is often dissipated.
10
Q
What are the 10 energy sources?
A
Gas, oil, coal, nuclear, solar, wind, hydro, wave and tidal, geothermal and biomass.
11
Q
How is electrical energy produced from gas?
A
Under high pressure, the gas is burnt, producing a ot stream of gas that spins a turbine to generate electricity.
12
Q
How is electrical energy produced from oil?
A
The chemical reaction of fire to burn the oil releases heat. This heat is then converted to mechanical energy.
13
Q
How is electrical energy produced from coal?
A
The coal is burnt to heat water. The steam spins a turbine, generating electricity.
14
Q
How is elctrical energy produced from nuclear?
A
Uranium is split by a pocess of nuclear fission. The heat os used to produce steam, to drive a turbine and generate electricity.
15
Q
How is electrical energy produced from solar?
A
The solar cells change the sunlight into electricity.
16
Q
How is electrical energy produced from wind
A
when the blades spins, they turn a shaft leading to a rotor inside a generator. This generates electricity.
17
Q
How is electrical energy produced from hydro?
A
Water movement is channeled past a turbine, spinning it to generate electricity.
18
Q
How is electrical energy produced from wave and tidal?
A
A turbine works like a wind turbine. This is then connected to a gearbox that turns a generator, creating electricity.
19
Q
How is electrical energy produced from geothermal?
A
Water is heated over hot rocks deep underground. The steam spin a turbine generating electricity.
20
Q
How is electrical energy produced from biomass?
A
Gas or vegetable matter is burnt to heat water. The steam spins a turbine, generating electricity.
21
Q
What are the 6 advantages of gas energy?
A
- Relatively cheap
- Ready available
- Current technology makes it easy to extract and use.
- Lowest polluting fossil fuel
- Lower greenhouse emissions than coal
- Easy to transport and store
22
Q
What are the 3 advantages of oil energy?
A
- Relatively cheap
- Readily available
- Current technology makes it easy to extract and use
23
Q
What are the 6 advantages of coal energy?
A
- Relatively cheap
- Readily available
- Constant supply of electricity
- Current technology makes it easy to extract and use
- Australia has large reserves of coal
- Cheap to produce
24
Q
What are the 5 advantages of nuclear energy?
A
- Small mining footprint and low impact of environment
- Low greenhouse gases
- Stable and constant source of electricity.
- No carbon dioxide emissions
- Efficient
25
What are the 6 advantages of solar energy?
- Small mining footprint - Low impact of environment
- Low greenhouse gases
- Stable and constant source of electricity.
- No carbon dioxide emissions
- Efficient
26
What are the 6 advantages of wind energy?
- Renewable
- Freely available
- No greenhouse gas emissions
- No carbon dioxide emissions
- Can be used with minimal disturbance to surrounding activities
- Instant electricity
27
What are the 5 advantages of hydro energy?
- Renewable
- Freely available
- No greenhouse gas emissions
- No carbon dioxide emissions
- Not limited by supply
28
What are the 3 advantages of wave and tidal energy?
- Renewable
- Freely available
- No greenhouse gas emissions
29
What are the 5 advantages of geothermal energy?
- Renewable
- Cheap and rapidly available
- No greenhouse gas emissions
- To carbon dioxide emissions
- Inexpensive to produce and no limit to supply
30
What are the 6 advantages of biomass energy?
- Renewable
- Can be produces in most locations
- Often uses waste produced from other processes
- Produces greenhouse gases, but only the amount that wound normally have been produced by rotting waste
- Reduces waste of organic material and landfill
- Helps to reduce carbons dioxide emissions
31
What are the 6 disadvantages of gas energy?
- Finite fossil fuel
- Produces greenhouse gases and pollution
- Inefficient
- Is limited in supply
- Difficult and costly to drill to find explosive
- Requires lots of water for cooling.
32
What are the 4 disadvantages of oil energy?
- Finite fossil fuel
- Produces greenhouse gases and high levels of pollution
- Inefficient
- High impact on environment when transport accidents occur
33
What are the 7 disadvantages of coal energy?
- Finite fossil fuel
- Produces greenhouse gases and high levels of pollution
- Inefficient
- Large mines impact on the landscape
- Requires mining
- Produces Sulphur dioxide when burnt and carbon dioxide emissions
- Limited in supply
34
What are the 9 disadvantages of nuclear energy?
- Very expensive
- Requires very large power plants
- Radioactive waste difficult to dispose of
- Higher risk of environmental contamination by radiation in an accident
- Requires mining and lots of water
- Thermal heat
- Pollution
- Radiation
- Radioactive waste
35
What are the 5 disadvantages of solar energy?
- Requires mining for special and expensive finite metals
- Making panels is expensive
- Recycling solar panels is costly and not yet effective
- Only works when sunny
- Has to be stored in batteries if not used immediately
36
What are the 5 disadvantages of wind energy?
- Requires large, expensive wind farms with expensive additional batteries
- Only works when windy
- Rotating blades cause vibrations that affect wildlife, including birds
- Create noise for communities
- Some TV or radio interference
37
What are the 5 disadvantages of hydro energy?
- Only available at some locations
- Creating large damns affects the environment, flooding valleys
- Can effect natural river flow and fish movements
- Tidal basins can silt up
- Wave stations are subject to corrosivity and expensive
38
What are the 2 disadvantages of wave and tidal energy?
- Only available in some locations
- Difficult and costly to build and maintain
39
What are the 5 disadvantages of geothermal energy?
- Only available in some locations
- Can be expensive and difficult to extract and use heat
- Pumping water into the ground can cause issues with land.
- Often in remote areas requiring lots of infrastructure in development and to connect to the electricity grid
- Lots of water needed
40
What are the 5 disadvantages of biomass energy?
- Must be constantly made or grown
- Takes time and money o transport and create biomass fuel
- Rotting biomass can be a source of noxious smells and of disease
- Is limited in supply
- Requires suitable land and water resources to grow crops
41
What are the elements of a complete circuit?
They must contain a power source to drive electric current around the circuit, a conductor to carry the current around the circuit and a resistor.
42
What happens to the current in a series circuit?
It is the same throughout all the components.
43
What happens to the current in a parallel circuit?
The current is divided among the branches.
44
What happens to the voltage in a series circuit?
The voltage is divided among the components.
45
What happens to the voltage in a parallel circuit?
Voltage across each branch is the same as the supply voltage.
46
What is Ohm's Law?
It is the relationship between voltage, resistance and current.
V = IR
47
What is current?
It is the measure of the flow of electric charge.
48
What is voltage?
It is the measure of the amount of electric charge.
49
What is resistance?
It is the measure of how much a component reduces the flow of current
50
How do I calculate resistance on a graph?
By using Rise (V) / Run (I)
51
What is the criteria for energy star ratings?
The more stars a device has on an energy rating, the more energy efficient it is.
52
How do I calculate the power of a device?
P = IV
53
How do I calculate the energy consumption of a device?
Energy consumption = P (kW) x T (h)
54
How can we optimise current energy use?
- By transferring to using more energy efficient appliances
- Adopt more energy-saving habits
- Ensre you have enough insulation
55
What are some reasons for the development of alternative energy sources?
Some key factors include environmental concerns, the need for energy security, and economic benefits.
56
What is homeostasis
It is the process of maintaining a constant and stable internal environment
57
How does the body keep temperature levels within a certain range?
The body identifies alterations in the body's temperature levels, such as an increase or decrease in temperature. The body then performs a number of effectors such as our sweat glands producing sweat or our muscles rapidly contracting and releasing. These effectors allow our body temperature to return to normal.
58
How does the body keep temperature levels within a certain range?
The body identifies alterations in the body's glucose levels, such as an increase or decrease blood glucose levels. The body then performs a number of effectors such as our pancreas releasing insulin into our bloodstream, or our liver breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose. These effectors allow our body to control our blood glucose level
59
What is a stimulus?
It is a change in the environment that the body needs to respond to
60
What is a receptor?
They are special structures that detect stimuli.
61
What is a negative feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop is when a variable triggers a counteract for an organism to return back to its set point. In other words, it is homeostasis.
62
What is a positive feedback loop?
A positive feedback loop is when you intensify the response.
63
What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
When you are in a hot environment, your body will attempt to restore abd stabilise the internal body temperature.
64
What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
When you are giving birth, you release a hormone that causes contractions, increasing the pressure that releases more hormones until the baby is born.
65
What is the function of the nervous system?
The nervous system is a network of cells and tissues that help coordinate and regulate the activities of the body. It plays a crucial role is communication between different paths of the body and helps and responding to changes in the environment.
66
What does the central nervous system do?
The central nervous system examines the information received and then sends out messages instructing different parts of the body about what they are to do.
67
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
These continually inform the central nervous system of changing conditions and transmit the decisions made by the central nervous system back to effector organs.
68
What are the 3 types of neurons
Sensory neaurons, motor neurons and relay neurons.
69
What is the role of sensory neurons?
Sensory neurons carry information to the brain.
70
What is the role of motor neurons?
Motor neurons transmit information from the central nervous system to a muscle or a gland.
71
What is the role of relay/inter neurons?
Interneurons neurons link the sensory neuron to the motor neuron
72
What is the role of motor neurons?
They transmit information from the centralnervous system to an organ.
73
What is a reflex action?
It is a rapid response to a stimulus, one that does not require consious thought
74
What is an examples of a reflex?
One examples could include when placing your hand on a hot stove, it is a reflex to lift your hand off the stove.
75
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
It is to secrete and deliver chemicals called hormones to diferet parts of your body.
76
What is the role of hormones?
Hormones are messengers that travel through the bloodstream to influence various bodily functions, some examples including hunger, body temperature, growth and so on.
77
What are the 11 glands of the endocrine system?
Hypothlamus, pituitary, parathyroid, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas alpha cells, pancreas beta cells, ovary and testes.
78
What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
Many
79
What hormones does the pitutiary secrete?
Growth hormones, oxcytocin and many others.
80
What hormone does the parathyroid secrete?
Parathormone
81
What hormone does the pineal secrete?
Melatonin
82
What hormone does the thyroid secrete?
White blood cells
83
What hormone does the thymus secrete?
Thymosin
84
What hormone does the adrenal secrete?
adrenalin
85
What hormone does the pancreas alpha cells secrete?
Glucagon
86
What hormone does the pancreas beta cells secrete?
Insulin
87
What 2 hormones does the ovary secrete?
Oestrogen and progestrone
88
What hormone does the testes secrete?
Testosterone
89
What 6 effects does the hormones produced by the hypothalamus have on the body?
It releases hormones that, among other things, control body temperature, hunger, thirst, sex drive and emotions. They sends hormones to the pituitary gland to control its release of hormones to other endocrine glands.
90
What 3 effects does growth hormones have on the body?
They affect growth and development, stimulate protein production and affect fat distribution
91
What 3 effects does oxytocin have on the body?
It helps with lactation, childbirth, and mother-child bonding.
92
What effect does parathormone have on the body?
It regulates calcium level in the blood, also known as bone development.
93
What effect does melatonin have on the body?
It controls sleeping and waking patterns
94
What 3 effects does white blood cells have on the body?
Regulates cell growth and the rate of metabolism and regulates our body temperature.
95
What effect does thymosin have on the body?
It stimulates the production of white blood cells to help fight infection, also known as immunity.
96
What effect does adrenaline have on the body?
It increases the heart rate and blood pressure in times of a fright. This increases the amount of energy available to muscles.
97
What effect does glucagon have on the body?
Lowers blood sugar level by converting excess glucose into glycogen. This Increases sugar in the blood
98
What effect does insulin have on the body?
It increases blood sugar levels if the body. For example, if you haven't eaten enough the converts glycogen back into glucose. Removes sugar from blood
99
What 4 effects does oestrogen and progestrone have on the body?
During puberty, they control the development of breasts and the reproductive system. They both work together to regulate the menstrual cycle and control pregnancy.
100
What 4 effects does testosterone have on the body?
It controls the development of the male reproductive system. Controls changes in puberty, such as growth of body hair and deepening of voice, sperm production
101
What is the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system?
There are a number of differences between the nervous system and endocrine system. One of the most evident is the speed and duration of these two processes. The nervous system works very fast, and signals last very short-term. However, the endocrine system works very slowly, and it's signals last very long-term.
