03 Eukaryotes Flashcards
What is the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis?
Primary = ingestion of a prokaryote Secondary = ingestion of a eukaryote
SEQ primary endosymbiosis
- Ancestral eukaryote underwent plasma membrane infolding - Ingested aerobic bacterium, probably from alpha proteobacterium
What are the two lineages of photosynthetic protists?
Red algae, green algae
What are the four eukaryotic supergroups?
Excavata SAR clade Archaeplastida Unikonts
Name three protist feeding strategies
Autotrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs
What is the SDC of excavata?
genetic similarities
Draw clade excavata
Which clade contains diplomonads?
What are their shared derived characteristics?
Name an example
Clade excavata
Mitosomes = modified aerobic mitochondria with no electron transport chain
ex: giardia
Which clade contains parabasalids?
What are their shared derived characteristics
Give an example
Clade excavata
Have hydrogenosomes (modified mitochondria): hydrogen is final electron acceptor, released as byproduct of respiration
Ex: Trichomoniasis vaginalis
Which clade contains euglenozoans?
What are their shared derived characteristics?
What are the two euglenozoan types?
Euglenozoans are in clade excavata
Shared characteristics:
- spiral/crystalline rod inside each flagellum
- have plastids through secondary endosymbiosis of green algae
Kinetoplastids:
- have a single large mitochondrion containing kinetoplasts - mass of DNA
- ex: trypanosoma brucei / African sleeping sickness
Euglenids:
- have 1-2 flagella that emerge from a pocket at the end of the cell
Draw the SAR clade
Which clade contains stramenophiles?
What is their SDC?
What are the principal stramenophile groups?
Stramenophiles are in the SAR clade
Have one flagellum with hair-like projections, often paired with a smooth flagellum
Diatoms:
- unicellular algae
- cell wall embedded with silicon dioxide, with two overlapping parts
Golden algae:
- have yellow and brown carotenoids
- mostly unicellular
- tiny silica / CaCO3 scales
- 2-10micrometers
- Make up most nanoplankton
Brown algae:
- most complex protists
- multicellular
- few cm - 75cm
- ex: seaweek, kelp
What is the SDC of the SAR clade?
All have plastids through secondary endosymbiosis of red algae
Which clade contains alveolates?
What is their SDC?
What groups make up alveolates?
Alveolates are in the SAR clade
SDC = alveola – sacs under plasma membrane that provide support
Dinoflagellates
- DC - two flagella, creates spinning movement
- many with cellulose plates inside membrane
- marine; component of plankton; occasional population explosion (‘bloom’)
Apicomplexans
- DC = apical complex – structure in cell that allows penetration of other cells
- Ex: plasmodium genus
Which clade contains rhizarians?
What is the SDC?
What are the two groups of rhizarians?
Rhizarians are in the SAR clade
SDC = protective Ca or Si shell
Radiolarians: have internal skeletons made of silica
Foramoniferans: have porous calsium carbonate shell; in marine environments form thick sediments when they die
Draw clade archarplastida
Draw the unikont clade
