03 - peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular disease

Question 1

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine LMN disease)

1. Cx?

Answer 1

Question 2

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

1. exotoxin results in what?
2. what toxin usually causes in horses?

Answer 2

1. muscle weakness
2. b toxin (in hay)

(C toxin in rotting carcasses)

Question 3

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

1. 3 routes of infection?

Answer 3

Question 4

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

1. toxin acts presynaptically at peripheral cholinergic neuromuscular junction by doing what?
2. results in what?

Answer 4

1. blocking acetylcholine
2. flaccid paralysis

Question 5

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage paralysis - adult form)

1. cx?

Answer 5

Question 6

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

(dx)

1. Cx
2. demonstration of what in serum?
3. demonstration of what in GI tract or feed materials?

Answer 6

2. preformed toxin
3. clostridium botulinum

Question 7

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

(tx)

1. give what?

only effective against what?

2. enteral feeding support

Answer 7

1. antitoxin

unbound toxin

Question 8

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(botulism)

(forage poisoning - adult form)

1. what for prevention?

Answer 8

1. toxoid (3X, 30 days apart)

Question 9

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. similar to what human dz?

Answer 9

1. atrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig disease)

Question 10

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(path)

1. non-inflammatory degeneration of what?
2. leading to what?

Answer 10

1. ventral horn of spinal cord gray matter

nuclei of CN V, VII, and XII

nucleus ambiguous

2. atrophy of muscles

Question 11

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(signalment)

1. sporadic in individual animals
2. horses without access to pasture or horses with access to poor quality feed/hay and/or only pellets
3. occurs in NE US and Canada

Question 12

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. mean age?

2.

Answer 12

1. 9 years (2-23)

Question 13

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. Cx of subacute form?

Answer 13

1. trembling and muscle fasciculations

wt shifting, low head carriage

Question 14

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. Cx of chronic form?

Answer 14

1. gen muscle atrophy, may look emaciated

Question 15

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. subclincal form is hard to diagnose

just diminished strength

Question 16

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. clin path?

Answer 16

Question 17

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. gross changes?

Answer 17

Question 18

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(dx)

1. hx of previous cases in stable
2. horses withough access to what 2 things?
3. low levels of what in serum?
4. bx of what muscle?

Answer 18

2. vit E and green forage
3. vit E
4. sacrocadaualis dorsalis muscle (atrophy)

Question 19

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

1. need to diff from botulism

how diff?

Answer 19

Question 20

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(equine motor neuron dz)

(tx)

1. give what?
2. full recovery unlikely
3. best prevention?

Answer 20

1. bunch of vit E daily
2. green grass!!!

Question 21

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

Question 22

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

1. caused by what?
2. how long is incubation after bacterial infection?

Answer 22

1. clostridium tetani
2. 2 weeks - 1 month

Question 23

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

1-3. what are the three toxic proteins?

Answer 23

1. tetanospasmin
2. tetanlysin
3. nonspasmogenic toxin

Question 24

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases)

(tetanus)

1. toxin binds where on motor endplate?
2. toxin inhibits release of what?
3. causing what?

Answer 24

1. presynaptic part

alpha-motor neuron binding

2. glycine and GABA (inhibits the inhibitors)
3. muscle rigidity, spasms, hypertonicity

Question 25

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (tetanus) 1. Cx?

Answer 25

Question 26

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (tetanus) 1. tx?

Answer 26

Question 27

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (tetanus) (prog) 1. mortality rate in horses?

Answer 27

1. about 80%

Question 28

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) 1. what channel gets fucked? 2. inheritance? 3. familial disease in what horse breed?

Answer 28

1. sodium channel 2. autosomal dominant 3. quarter horses

Question 29

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) 1. cx?

Answer 29

Question 30

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hyperkalemic periodic paralysis) 1. dx?

Answer 30

1. DNA test

Question 31

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (stringhalt) 1. distal axonal degeneration selectively involving what nerve fibers? 2. fibrosis, schwann cell proliferation, denervation atrophy

Answer 31

1. large myelinated

Question 32

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (stringhalt) 1. Cx?

Answer 32

1. hyperflexion of one or both hocks

Question 33

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (stringhalt) 1. dx based on what?

Answer 33

1. Cx

Question 34

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (stringhalt) 1. prog?

Answer 34

1. poor - recovery is rare

Question 35

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (shivers) 1. greatest prevalence in what breeds? 2. Cx?

Answer 35

1. draft horses 2. tremors of large muscles of upper leg flexion of hindlimbs

Question 36

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Sweeney) 1. injury to what nerve? 2. leading to atrophy of what muscles?

Answer 36

1. suprascapular 2. infraspinatus and supraspinatus

Question 37

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Sweeney) 1. Cx? 2. tx?

Answer 37

1. looks like dislocated shoulder 2. sx - make a groove in scapula

Question 38

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (radial nerve paralysis) 1. Cx?

Answer 38

1. horses have dropped elbow and can't extend limb

Question 39

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (femoral nerve paralysis) 1. Cx?

Answer 39

1. can't bear weight on hindlimb

Question 40

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Myotonia congenital) 1. probably genetic - path?

Answer 40

1. variable muscle fiber size alterations in shape and size of nuclei

Question 41

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Myotonia congenital) 1. usually detected by what age?

Answer 41

1. 1 year

Question 42

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Myotonia congenital) 1. Cx?

Answer 42

1. well developed muscles pelvic limb stiffness muscles stay contracted, slow to relax (associated w/ retinal dysplasia, lenticular opacities, gonadal hypoplasia)

Question 43

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Myotonia congenital) Dx?

Answer 43

Cx, delayed relaxation after contraction

Question 44

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (Myotonia congenital) 1. tx?

Answer 44

1. phenytoin | (may have a functional life...)

Question 45

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hypocalcemic tetany) 1. what happens in this? 2. caused by what (3 possible)

Answer 45

1. lack of nerve cell membrane stabilization 2. calcium pool deficit metabolic alkalosis -\> ^ Ca binding normal Ca with hyperkalemia or hypochloremia

Question 46

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hypocalcemic tetany) 1. Cx caused by what? 2. causing what?

Answer 46

1. involuntary contraction of muscles 2.

Question 47

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hypocalcemic tetany) 1. tCa ~ 8 mg/dL -\> ? 2. tCa 5-8 mg/dL -\> ? 3. tCa \< 5 mg/dL -\> ?

Answer 47

1. hyperexcitable 2. tetany and incoordination 3. stupor and recumbency

Question 48

(peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular diseases) (hypocalcemic tetany) 1. tx?

Answer 48

1. 500 mL of Cal-Dex solution, IV slowly

Question 49