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UROGENITAL > 04. Anatomy of the Male and Female pelvis and external genitalia (HARC) > Flashcards

04. Anatomy of the Male and Female pelvis and external genitalia (HARC) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the TRUE (lesser) PELVIS and the FALSE (greater) PELVIS

A

TRUE PELVIS: BOWL SHAPED structure. below pelvic brim. inferior. (inner cavity)

FALSE PELVIS: space SUPERIOR to pelvic brim / above Pelvic Inlet

(see image)

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2
Q

what is the name for the EDGE of the PELVIC INLET

A

LINEA TERMINALIS

PECTINEAL LINE forms part of the linea terminalis (between pubis and iliac)

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3
Q

what two parts of pelvic are in the same plane

A

ASIS and PUBIC TUBERCLE

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4
Q

where does the PELVIC INLET line go from/to

A

promontory (point) of SACRUM
ARCUATE LINE of ILIUM
ILIOPECTINAL LINE
POSTERIOR surface of PUBIC CREST

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5
Q

PELVIC INLET line from the promontory (point) of the SACRUM, ARCUATE LINE of ILIUM, ILIOPECTINAL LINE and POSTERIOR surface of PUBIC CREST is at what ANGLE

A

35-50 DEGREE

(/approx 45)

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6
Q

the Pelvic OUTLET is formed between.. (4)

A

ISCHIOPUBIC RAMI
ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES
SACROTUBEROUS LIGAMENTS
DISTAL SACRUM (sometimes coccyx)

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7
Q

TRUE PELVIS is considered to start at..

A

PELVIC INLET

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8
Q

FEMALE and MALE PELVIS

difference in SHAPE of PELVIC INLET

A

female: OVAL

male: HEART shape

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9
Q

FEMALE and MALE PELVIS

SUB PUBIC ARCH ANGLES

A

female: 80-85 DEGREE

male: narrow. 50-60 DEGREE

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10
Q

what do you have above and below the LINEA TERMINALIS

A

above: ABDOMINAL CAVITY

below: PELVIC CAVITY

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11
Q

layers going below Pelvic cavity

A

PELVIC FASCIA

PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES

PERINEUM (below pelvic floor)

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12
Q

one PELVC BONE is also known as

A

INNOMINATE bone

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13
Q

TRUE PELVIS aka

A

LESSER pelvis

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14
Q

FALSE PELVIS aka

A

GREATER pelvis

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15
Q

the SCROTUM is the male homologous of the female..

A

LABIA MAJORA

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16
Q

in the FETUS how do we result in a single SCROTUM

A

LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS FUSE across the MIDLINE

(labioscrotal swellings differentiate into scrotum in males)

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17
Q

TESTES and associated structures DESCENT into SCROTUM from the..

A

POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

Gubernaculum brings them down (brought more anterior)
(need colder temperatures outside the body)

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18
Q

GUBERNACULUM pulls TESTES through 2 PHASES:

A
  • TRANSABDOMINAL
    passes through abdomen
  • INGUINOSCROTAL
    through inguinal canal into scrotum
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19
Q

what CELLS STIMULATE ENLARGEMENT of GUBERNACULUM and when

A

LEYDIG CELLS
at 10 WEEKS

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20
Q

what does the GUBERNACULUM (cord of tissue) CONNECT

A

INFERIOR POLE of GONAD
and LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS

(pass through anterior abdominal wall)

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21
Q

as the GUBERNACULUM pulls TESTES DOWN, it creates a TUBULAR EXTENSION of the PERITONEAL CAVITY called..

A

PROCESSUS VAGINALIS

projects

Testes pass behind / posterior

(usually closes and obliterates)

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22
Q

TESTES DESCEND with

A

their associated NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURES and ducts

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23
Q

PROCESSUS VAGINALIS CLOSES up and obliterates and is known asn

A

TUNICA VAGINALIS

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24
Q

what is the name for the REMNANT of the LINE OF FUSION between the LABIOSCROTAL SWELLINGS in the fetus and where can you see it

A

RAPHE

extends from the ANUS over the SCROTAL SAC and onto inferior aspect of body of PENIS

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25
Q

what are TESTES RESPONSIBLE for

A

TESTOSTERONE and SPERM PRODUCTION

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26
Q

TESTES BLOOD SUPPLY consists of

A

TESTICULAR ARTERY and VEINS (aka pampiniform plexus)

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27
Q

TESTES are ENCLOSED in a ..

A

MUSCULODFASCIAL POUCH
continuous with anterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

TESTES are suspended in the SCROTUM by the..

A

SPERMATIC CORD (also contains DUCTUS DEFERNES)

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29
Q

LAYERS of the ABDOMINAL WALL

A
  • SKIN
  • SCARPA’S FASCIA
  • EXTERNAL OBLIQUE (muscle)
  • INTERNAL OBLIQUE (muscle)
  • TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINUS (muscle)
  • TRANSVERSALIS FASCIA
  • PERITONEUM
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30
Q

LAYERS of the SCROTUM (6/7)

A
  • SKIN
  • DARTOS and SMOOTH MUSCLE
  • EXTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
  • CREMASTER MUSCLE and FASCIA
  • CREMASTER MUSCLE and FASCIA
  • INTERNAL SPERMATIC FASCIA
  • TUNICA VAGINALIS

(Some Damn Englishmen Called It the Testes)

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31
Q

CREMASTER MUSCLE (in scrotum) is INNERVATED by

A

GENITAL BRANCH of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE (L1 L2)

(cremaster muscle tenses for thermoregulation and protection)

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32
Q

GENITOFEMORAL NERVE comes from which SPINAL NERVES

A

L1 & L2

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33
Q

GENITOFEMORAL NERVE splits into 2 branches

A
  • GENITAL BRANCH
  • FEMORAL BRANCH
34
Q

what causes a Motor response of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE (cremaster muscle tenses) / how to test

A

stroking inner thigh stimulates sensory in turn

35
Q

is the INGUINAL CANAL only in males

A

NO also in females

36
Q

INGUINAL CANAL has parts

A

DEEP INGUINAL RING
SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING

37
Q

in TESTES, SPERMATOZOA are PRODUCED in 400-600 HIGHLY COILED..

A

SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES

38
Q

in TESTES, highly coiled SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES at each end become STRAIGHT TUBULES CONNECTED to the…

A

RETE TESTES (‘network’)

  • COLLECTING CHAMBER
39
Q

in TESTES, SPERMATOZOA from RETE TESTES (collecting chamber) go THROUGH EFFERENT DUCTULES to the…

A

EPIDIDYMIS

40
Q

TESTES
SPERMATOZOA go from RETE TESTES to the EPIDIDYMIS though how many EFFERENT DUCTULES

A

12-20

41
Q

where are the SPERMATOZOA in TESTES STORES until Ejaculation

A

EPIDIDYMIS

42
Q

from TESTES the SPERMATOZOA pass via …. into the EJACULATORY DUCT

A

DUCTUS DEFERENS

43
Q

route of SPERMATOZOA from production to ejaculatory duct

A
  1. SEMNIFEROUS TUBULES (400-600)
  2. RETE TESTES
  3. through EFFERENT DUCTULES (12-20)
  4. EPIDIDYMIS
  5. through DUCTUS DEFERENS
44
Q

PENIS is mostly composed of

A

2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA (dorsal/posterior)

1 CORPOSA SPONGIOSUM (ventral/anterio)

45
Q

PENIS is mostly composed of

A

2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA (dorsal/posterior)

1 CORPUS SPONGIOSUM (ventral/anterior)

46
Q

the ROOT of the PENIS consists of

A

2 CRURA (single crus) (‘legs’)
which are the proximal parts of the CORPORA CAVERNOSA ATTACHED to the PUBIC ARCH

47
Q

what is the BULB of the PENIS

A

the PROXIMAL part of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM

ANCHORED to the PERINEAL MEMBRANE

48
Q

the BODY of the PENIS is formed by the JOINING of..

A

the 2 CRURA / proximal FREE parts of the CORPORA CAVERNOSA
and the related FREE part of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM

49
Q

the TIP of the BODY of the PENIS is COVERED by the … which is…

A

GLANS PENIS
(greatest cutaneous sensitivity)

  • EXTENDED CAP of the CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
50
Q

what is the name for the SAGITTAL SLIT at the TIP of the GLANS PENIS

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE

51
Q

the GLANS of the PENIS is COVERED by the..

A

PREPUCE (Foreskin)

loose fold of retractable skin attached to the ventral surface of the glans penis under the CORONA, at the FRENULUM

52
Q

mechanism of ERECTION is a VASCULAR event STIMULATED by..

A

PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES

53
Q

ERECTION stimulated by PARASYMPATHETIC FIBRES which are carried in which NERVES

A

PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES (from ventral rami S2-S4)

54
Q

STIMULATION of pelvic splanchnic nerves for ERECTION cause …

A

VASODILATION of ARTERIES (relax)

Corpora cavernosa and Corpus Spongiosum become engorged with blood and expand

INCREASE in Internal PRESSURE

55
Q

what happens to VEINS in ERECTION

A

COMPRESSED against surrounding fascia
- PREVENTING OUTLFOW of BLOOD

56
Q

PENIS returns to flaccid state by

A

VASOCONSTRICTION of ARTERIES

57
Q

function of the GENITAL BRANCH of the GENITOFEMORAL NERVE

A

CONTRACTION of the CREMASTER MUSCLE

58
Q

PELVIS can be split into 2 Triangles

A

UROGENITAL TRIANGLE
(ischial tuberosities and pubic symphysis)

ANAL TRIANGLE
(Ischial tuberosities and Coccyx)

59
Q

FUNCTION of PELVIC FLOOR

A

SUPPORTS the PELVIC VISCERA (ORGANS)

also SEPARATES the PELVIC CAVITY (above) and PERINEUM (below)

60
Q

PELVIC FLOOR formed by the PELVIC DIAGPHRAGM which consists of which MUSCLES

A

LEVATOR ANI
COCCYGEUS (aka Ischiococcygeus, attaches to ischial spine)

61
Q

where the PELVIX FLOOR is incomplete anteriorly to allow passage or Urethra and Vagina it is called

A

UROGENITAL HIATUS

62
Q

LEVATOR ANI muscles are:

A

PUBOCOCCYGEUS
from pubic bone to coccyx tip (posterior)

ILIOCOCCYGEUS
heading from ilium to coccyx tip (posterior)
(goes to obturator internus, towards ilium)

63
Q

PUBOCOCCYGEUS MUSCLE can also include which muscle

A

PUBORECTALIS muscle
(slings around the rectum)

some textbooks also include Pubovaginalis/lavator prostatae

64
Q

name of the body where the LEVATOR ANI muscles ATTACHE to each other

A

ANOCOCCYGEAL BODY

65
Q

how does PUBORECTALIST PREVENT DEFACATION

A

fibres form a SLING around the junction between the rectum and anus (PERINEAL FLEXURE)

  • CONTRACT
  • CREATES 80 DEGREE ANGLE

relaxation increases the angle

66
Q

LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE can also be used to CONTROL..

A

URINATION

(anterior fibres around urethra)

(muscles may be damaged in females by child birth, leading to weakness of sphincter mechanism and stress incontinence, causing leak)

67
Q

muscles that help contract / compress URETHRA in FEMALES

A

COMPRESSOR URETHRAE

SPHINCTER URETHROVAGINALIS (around urethra and vagina)

SPHINCTER URETHRA

68
Q

MUSCLE that help compress URETHRA in MALES

A

EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

69
Q

CHILD BIRTH can cause TEARS of..

A

PERINEUM
or TEAR of PUBOCOCCYGEUS

Episiotomy is an incision made to prevent more damage and enables better recovery

70
Q

PERINEAL TEAR CLASSIFICATION from childbirth

FIRST DEGREE:
SECOND:
THIRD:
FOURTH:

A

1st:
Superficial Perineal Skin or VAGINAL MUCOSA torn

2nd:
also PERINEAL MUSCLES torn

3rd:
also ANAL SPHINCTER torn

4th:
also RECTUM torn

71
Q

PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES are INNERVATED by which NERVE

A

PUDENDAL NERVE

to relax pelvic floor muscles during childbirth, can adminiter anaesthetic to pudendal nerve
(ischial spine is located)

72
Q

in FEMALES, what is the name of the PAIR of ERECTILE STRUCTURES that are situated at either side of the vaginal opening

A

BULBS of VESTIBULE

73
Q

in WOMEN
small bands of erectile tissue connect the anterior ends of the BULBS of VESTIBULE to a pea-sized ERECTILE MASS called

A

GLANS CLITORIS

74
Q

in WOMEN
ROOT consists of

A

2 CRURA (corpora cavernosa)

75
Q

in WOMEN,
the BODY is formed by

A

the UNATTACHED parts of the 2 CORPORA CAVERNOSA

76
Q

in WOMEN
the CLITORIS and VESTIBULAR APPARATUS together with numerous skin and tissue folds form the..

A

VULVA

77
Q

FEMALES
either side of the midline, there are 2 THIN SKIN FOLDS called

A

LABIA MINORA / MINUS

78
Q

FEMALES
Region BETWEEN LABIA MINORA, into which urethra and vagina OPEN is called…

A

VESTIBULE (‘entrance’)

79
Q

FEMALES
anteriorly the LIBIA MINORA BIFURCATE (divide into 2 branches) and the MEDIAL portions UNITE to form the..

A

FRENULUM OF THE CLITORIS (joins the glans clitoris)

80
Q

FEMALES
anteriorly the LIBIA MINORA BIFURCATE (divide into 2 branches) and the LATERAL FOLDS form..

A

PREPUCE of the CLITORIS (foreskin)

81
Q

the space INFERIOR to the PELVIC FLOOR is called the

A

PERINEUM

UROGENITAL (19 decks)

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