05 Nutritional anthropometry

Question 1

What is Nutritional anthropometry?

Answer 1

Nutritional anthropometry is defined as the “quantitative measurements of the physical dimensions and the gross composition of the human body and their variations at different age levels and degrees of nutrition”.

Question 2

Anthropometric measurements are of two types

Answer 2

physical dimensions and gross composition.

Question 3

Anthropometric measurements

have been widely used for the assessment of the nutritional status of both children and adults. True or false?

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is Gross composition ?

Answer 4

Gross composition refers to the anatomical makeup of the body in terms of bone, muscle, water and fat.

Question 5

Usually, a single measure will not provide a comprehensive overview of the patients’ condition and so a number of measurements are required to form a more reasoned assessment. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What are the core elements of anthropometry ?

Answer 6

height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body circumferences (waist, hip, and limbs), and skinfold thickness

Question 7

anthropometric measurements are important because they represent diagnostic criteria for…………………..

Answer 7

nutritional disorders and obesity.

Question 8

anthropometric measurements can be used as a baseline for …………… and to measure the progress of fitness.

Answer 8

physical fitness

Question 9

What is BMI ?

Answer 9

Body mass index (BMI)

BMI (kg/m2) = weight (kg) / height 2 (m2)

Question 10

BMI < 18.5 is ………….

Answer 10

Under weight

Question 11

BMI =>…….. is extremly obese

Answer 11

40

Question 12

BMI = 18.5 - 24.9 is ………….

Answer 12

Normal

Question 13

BMI = 25 - 29.9 is ………….

Answer 13

Over weight

Question 14

BMI = …………… is obese

Answer 14

30 - 39.9

Question 15

What is Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)

Answer 15

Involves measuring the circumference of the mid-point on upper arm using a tape.
• This is a surrogate measure of both fat mass and fat-free mass

Question 16

………….. is a useful measure when a person cannot be weighed or if their weight is not likely to be a true reflection of the persons’ actual weight, e.g. if the patient has edema or ascites

Answer 16

Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)

Question 17

If MUAC is > …………..cm, the patient is likely to have a healthy BMI and is at low risk of malnutrition.

If MUAC is < …………..cm, the patient is likely to have a BMI < 20 kg/m2 and may be at risk of malnutrition.

Answer 17

23.5 cm

Question 18

What is Skin fold thickness?

Answer 18

Measurement requires a trained person using calibrated skin fold calipers.
• Skin fold measurements can be taken at 4 different sites: suprailliac, subscapular, biceps, or triceps (TSF; most commonly used).

Question 19

Skin fold measurements can be taken at 4 different sites. Mention them

Answer 19

suprailliac, subscapular, biceps, or triceps (TSF; most commonly used).

Question 20

Measurement should be repeated 3 times and the mean result recorded. This is a surrogate measure of …………..

Answer 20

Total fat mass

Question 21

…………….. can be used to interpret/read skin fold thickness measurements

Answer 21

Centile tables

Question 22

What is MAMC ?

Answer 22

Mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC)

• MAMC is a surrogate measure of fat-free mass and is calculated using MUAC and TSF.

MAMC (cm) = MUAC (cm) – 3.14 x TSF (cm)

Question 23

……………… allow assessment of changes in total body muscle mass over time

Answer 23

Centile tables

Question 24

Since obesity is a major modifiable risk factor of cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, one of the best clinical utilities of anthropometric data is to define obesity. True or false?

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is the best measurement to define obesity? measurements including BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to- height ratio

Answer 25

The best measurement to define obesity is not uniformly agreed upon. However, it is stated that BMI is the most logical choice given its historical use.

Question 26

elevations in anthropometric measurements are associated with high risk of …………………

Answer 26

dyslipidemia (elevated cholesterol) hypertension ( high blood pressure) hyperglycemia (excess of glucose in blood stream)

Question 27

The lengths of extremities are related to chronic diseases. True or false?

Answer 27

True

Question 28

those with a shorter upper leg length (ULL) have a higher prevalence of …………. . Similarly, shorter upper arm length has an association with a higher prevalence of ……… .

Answer 28

Metabolic syndrome | Diabetese

Question 29

While anthropometric data in the adult population is helpful to define obesity, it is also used extensively in the pediatric population to determine nutritional status. So what are the different types of undernutrition?

Answer 29

``` Wasting = low weight for height Stunting = low height for age Underweight = low weight for age ```

Question 30

Once any of undernutrition conditions are determined, the practitioner should consider …………..

Answer 30

replacing nutrients, secondary causes of the condition, and a potential referral to a dietitian.

Question 31

Head circumference is another anthropometric measurement routinely used in ………… . This measurement is important to diagnose ……………….. , which has well- documented complications

Answer 31

Children | Microcephaly

Question 32

For infants and toddlers who cannot stand, the……………………… should be measured.

Answer 32

recumbent length

Question 33

What is mid- upper arm circumference (MUAC) ?

Answer 33

Another anthropometric measurement useful to assess nutritional status in children can be used to assess the severity of malnutrition.

Question 34

…………. can be used to assess the severity of malnutrition.

Answer 34

mid- upper arm circumference (MUAC)

Question 35

……….. also has utility to assess nutritional status in pregnancy as one study showed that it is the anthropometric measurement of choice in pregnancy.

Answer 35

mid- upper arm circumference (MUAC)

Question 36

……………. Is the ganthropometric measurement of choice in pregnancy.

Answer 36

mid- upper arm circumference (MUAC)

Question 37

Although technology may eventually advance to replace anthropometry on some level, one study found that the anthropometric measures of …………………………. are superior to ultrasound to assess for regional adiposity (used for the storage of fat).

Answer 37

Waist and hip circumferences

Question 38

………………. is critical in the definition of metabolic syndrome, which is important to define because it has many complications, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and many others.

Answer 38

Regional adiposity

Question 39

What are the Equipments used in anthropometry?

Answer 39

* Weight scale. * Stadiometer. * Skinfold caliper. * Non-stretchable tape measure. * Infantometer to measure the recumbent length

Question 40

advantages of Nutritional anthropometry ?

Answer 40

they are safe, noninvasive, inexpensive and durable/ strong.

Question 41

Disaddvantages of Nutritional anthropometry?

Answer 41

prone to measurement errors. These errors arise out of inadequate and improper training of personnel, difficulties in measurement of certain anthropometric characteristics