05b: Male Reproductive System Flashcards by Nuna H

T/F: Scrotum consists of thin skin with subcutaneous fat, to keep temperature lower than body T.

False - no subcutaneous fat

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Scrotum has (smooth/skeletal) muscle called (X), which functions in altering testicular temperature by doing (Y).

Smooth
X = dartos
Y = wrinkling skin

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Scrotum has (smooth/skeletal) muscle called (X), which functions to raise/lower testis within scrotal sac.

Skeletal;

X = cremaster

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What are the exocrine secretions of the testis?

Spermatozoa and testicular fluid

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Endocrine function of testis includes (X) secretion by (Y) cells.

X = testosterone
Y = Leydig

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(X) refers to the entire process that begins with male’s primitive germ cell, (Y), and continues through cell division to produce the male gametes, (Z).

X = spermatogenesis
Y = spermatogonia
Z = spermatids

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(X) refers to all the (mitotic/meiotic) divisions of spermatogonia to eventually produce primary spermatocytes.

X = spermatocytogenesis

Mitotic

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(X) refers to the morphological transformation of spermatids into (Y).

X = spermiogenesis
Y = spermatozoa

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(X) refers to release of spermatozoa from luminal epithelium of (Y) structures.

X = spermiation
Y = seminiferous tubules

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(X) are the supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules. They secrete which key proteins/hormones?

X = Sertoli

Androgen-binding protein (ABP)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Inhibin-B

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Contraction of cremaster muscle (raises/lowers) scrotal temperature.

Raises (brings testis closer to body)

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Varicocele, aka (X), will (raise/lower) scrotal temperature.

X = enlargement of veins in pampiniform plexus

Raise

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T/F: The primary and secondary spermatocytes differ in location.

True - primary in basal compartment and secondary in apical

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T/F: Formation of primary spermatocyte involves first round of meiosis.

False - primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I

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Total spermatogenic cycle in humans is about how long?

80 days

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List the three types of spermatogonia and star the “original, reserve” stem cells

Type A dense*
Type A pale
Type B

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T/F: Both Type A and Type B spermatogonia are stem cells.

False - Type B is progenitor

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T/F: Spermatids undergo morphological changes, but no longer divide.

True

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One Type A dense spermatogonia can produce a total of (X) genetically (identical/distinct) spermatids.

X = 1000-4000

Distinct

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The blood-testis barrier: two compartments in (X) layer/structure, formed by (Y) connections between (Z) cells.

X = epithelium of seminiferous tubules
Y = tight and adhering junctions
Z = neighboring Sertoli

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During spermatogenesis, (X) cells pass the blood-testis barrier, from the (ab/ad)-luminal side to the (ab/ad)-luminal side.

X = primary spermatocytes

Abluminal (basal) to adluminal (apical)

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T/F: Primary spermatocytes reside exclusively in basal compartment of seminiferous epithelium.

True

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(Mitosis/meiosis) occurs during spermiogenesis. What’s the first noticeable change?

Neither! No division (only morphogenesis)

Acrosome formation

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Spermiogenesis: acrosome is derived from (X) and contains (Y). What’s the function?

X = Golgi
Y = hydrolytic enzymes

Dissociate corona radiata/zona pellucida of oocyte

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Spermiogenesis: Rearrangement of (X) gives cytoplasm an elongated shape.

X = cytoskeleton (MTs)

A glycoprotein coat is acquired by (X) cells, in (Y) structure. This coat facilitates long-term storage of the cells in reproductive tract.

``` X = spermatozoa Y = ductus epididymus ```

As sperm travels through (X), capacitation occurs. What does this refer to?

X = uterus Glycoprotein coat removed through contact with uterine epithelium

Sperm exit seminiferous tubules. List the tubes it enters prior to exiting penile urethra.

1. Straight tubules 2. Rete testis 3. Ductules efferentes 4. Ductus epididymus 5. Ductus deferens 6. Ampulla 7. Ejaculatory duct 8. Prostatic urethra 9. Membranous urethra

(X)% of cancers in men are testicular and most, (Y)%, of that time, it's a (Z) cell origin.

``` X = 1 Y = 95 Z = germ ```

Seminiferous tubules: Germ cells are connected to (X) cells via (Y) connections.

X = Sertoli (Y = gap junctions) and other germ cells (Y = cytoplasmic bridges)

T/F: Residual bodies are phagocytosed by Sertoli cells.

False - expelled into lumen and taken, via current, toward epididymis

E for the sperm's journey is provided in the form of (X) from (Y) structure.

``` X = fructose Y = seminal vesicle ```

Sperm can survive how long in female genital tract?

Up to 5 days

WHO standards for normal sperm count is (X). Of these, (Y)% are motile and (Z)% have normal morphology.

``` X = over 20 million Y = 50 Z = 60 ```

Hormonal regulation of male reproductive system includes (X) hormones from hypothalamus and (Y) from the pituitary.

``` X = GnRH Y = LSH and FH ```

Male reproduction: FSH acts on (X) and LH acts on (Y).

``` X = Sertoli cells Y = Leydig cells ```

Androgen Binding Protein released from (X) and functions to:

X = sertoli cells Binds/concentrates testosterone in duct and gland epithelia

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) released from (X) and functions to:

X = sertoli cells Inhibits development of F sex structures; also regulates sex-hormone production in children

Fluid current important for carrying sperm starting at (X) structure, up until (Y) structure

``` X = seminiferous tubules Y = ductus epididymus ```

Cilia important for carrying sperm starting at (X) structure, up until (Y) structure

X = Y = ductuli efferentes

Muscular contraction important for carrying sperm starting at (X) structure, up until (Y) structure

``` X = ductus deferens Y = ejaculatory duct ```

Flagellar/swimming movement important for carrying sperm starting at (X) structure, up until (Y) structure

X = Y = female reproductive tract

Seminal vesicles secrete into which which duct?

Ampulla of ductus deferens

Prostate secretes into which duct?

Prostatic urethra

Bulbourethral glands secrete into which duct?

Membranous urethra

Glands of Littre secrete into which duct?

Penile urethra

T/F: In ductus deferens, peristaltic contraction moves sperm along.

True

The sperm is in which duct when it passes through spermatic cord?

Ductus deferens

(X) vessels are important for keeping scrotal temperature below body T. They do this by (Y) phenomenon.

``` X = pampiniform plexus (veins) Y = counter-current exchange ("precool" the arterial blood traveling out to testis) ```

At which point does male reproductive tract become single, midline structure?

Seminal colliculus - Ejaculatory ducts open into prostatic urethra

The abundant (watery/viscous) secretion formed in (X) represents a substantial, 70-85%, of the whole ejaculate. List the most important substances in this secretion.

Viscous; X = seminal vesicles Fructose and Prostaglandins

Prostate can be divided into which zones? List them from innermost to outermost. Include the percentage that each zone occupies.

1. Transitional (5%) 2. Central (25%) 3. Peripheral (70%)

BPH originates in which zone of prostate?

Transitional zone

(X) zone of prostate surrounds (Y) urethra.

``` X = transitional Y = (distal) prostatic ```

Central zone of prostate surrounds:

Ejaculatory duct

Prostate cancer originates in which zone of prostate?

Peripheral zone (70% of time)

Prostate: secretion is (white/clear/other) and rich in (X).

Other (yellowish); | X = proteolytic enzymes

M reproduction: In (X) gland, condensations of secretory material, called (Y), increase with age.

``` X = prostate Y = prostatic concretions (or corpora amylacea) ```

T/F: The structure and function of both seminal vesicle and prostate depend on testosterone level.

True

T/F: The smooth muscle of seminal vesicle and prostate gland is innervated by parasympathetics.

False - sympathetics ("point and shoot")

T/F: About 90% of men at age 80 show evidence of BPH.

True

T/F: BPH symptoms include increased incidence of UTI due to increased urination.

False - increased UTI, but due to difficulty urinating/incompletevoiding

Prostate cancer occurs more (proximal/distal/medial/lateral) than BPH. Also, (X) is commonly tested in (urine/blood/semen), since its levels will be (high/low) in prostatic cancer.

Distal; X = PSA (prostate-specific antigen) Blood; high

The (white/clear/other) secretion of bulbourethral glands is thought to play which role?

White (viscous); Lubricant and provides basic environment in urethra

Erection: The (X) arteries (contract/relax) and fill (Y) with blood.

X = helicine Relax; Y = vascular spaces of corpora cavernosa

Erection: (X) NT activates cascade mediated by (Y). (Y) is then degraded by (Z).

``` X = NO Y = cGMP Z = PDE-5 ```

Pharmacological intervention for erectile dysfunction aims to (stimulate/inhibit) (X), thus prolonging action of (Y).

Inhibit; X = PDE-5 Y = cGMP (and NO)

T/F: Testicular volume and sperm count changes drastically as a function of age.

False

List the sources of the components of semen and respective % of each.

1% sperm 20% from prostate 80% from seminal vesicles

Normal meiosis I: (1/2)n(1/2)x cell becomes (1/2)n(1/2)x cell after first replication. Then (1/2)n(1/2)x after first division.

2n1x; 2n2x; 1n2x (in each of the 2 cells)

Normal meiosis II: (1/2)n(1/2)x cell becomes (1/2)n(1/2)x after division.

1n2x; | 1n1x

Just prior to sperm entry (fertilization), the (primary oocyte/secondary oocyte/ovum) is (1/2)n(1/2)x.

Secondary oocyte; | 1n2x (sperm entry stimulates completion of meiosis II)

T/F: Leydig and Sertoli cells divide at low frequency, and are terminally differentiated.

True

(Primary/secondary) spermatocytes can't become cancerous. Why? What about spermatids?

Both; They've entered meiosis Spermatids are post-meiotic and also can't divide

05b: Male Reproductive System Flashcards

(74 cards)