06 RODRIGUEZ_CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

Carbohydrates are hydrates of what derivates based on the location of the CO functional group?

Answer 1

aldehyde or ketone

Question 2

simplest carbohydrate

Answer 2

glycol aldehyde

Question 3

only carbohydrate to be directly used for energy or stored as glycogen

Answer 3

glucose

Question 4

T/F:

Glucose does not accumulate in the muscle.

Answer 4

TRUE.

Glucose does not enter the muscle cell freely, and when it enters the cell with the help of insulin, it is quickly metabolized.

Question 5

T/F:

Brain is completely dependent on blood glucose for energy production

Answer 5

TRUE.

2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the CNS.

Question 6

2/3 glucose utilization in resting adults occurs in the?

Answer 6

Central Nervous System (CNS).

Question 7

Intermediate products of glucose metabolism

Answer 7

pyruvic acid
lactic acid
acetylcoenzyme A

Question 8

complete oxidation of glucose yields what?

Answer 8

CO2
water
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 9

Reducing sugars

Answer 9

lactose
maltose
fructose
glucose
galactose

Question 10

The presence of this makes glucose an active reducing substance.

Answer 10

double bond

negative charge in the enol anion

Question 11

most common nonreducing sugar

Answer 11

sucrose

Question 12

T/F:

Nonreducing sugar do not contain active ketone or aldehyde group

Answer 12

TRUE.

Question 13

T/F:

Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ in the control of carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 13

TRUE.

Question 14

As an endocrine gland, the pancreas secretes what hormones?

Answer 14

glucagon
insulin
somatostatin

Question 15

As an exocrine gland, the pancreas produces and secretes what

Answer 15

amylase

Question 16

responsible for the breakdown of ingested complex carbohydrates

Answer 16

amylase

Question 17

primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell

Answer 17

insulin

Question 18

where is insulin synthesized?

Answer 18

B-cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 19

T/F:

Insulin is normally released when glucose levels are high.

Answer 19

TRUE.

Question 20

the only hormone that is a hypoglycemic agent (decreases glucose levels)

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

Insulin is stored in sources such as ______.

Answer 21

liver
fat
muscle

Question 22

relationship of insulin and glucagon

Answer 22

reciprocal/inverse

Question 23

Insulin promotes what processes?

Answer 23

glycogenesis
lipogenesis
glycolysis

Question 24

Insulin decreases what process?

Answer 24

glycogenolysis

Question 25

T/F: Insulin enhances membrane permeability to cells in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

Answer 25

TRUE.

Question 26

In the presence of hemolysis, the levels of serum insulin are?

Answer 26

falsely low

Question 27

primary hormone responsible for increasing glucose

Answer 27

glucagon

Question 28

primary hormone that acts as a hyperglycemic agent

Answer 28

glucagon

Question 29

where is glucagon synthesized?

Answer 29

a-cells of the islets of the Langerhans in the pancreas

Question 30

What are some instances where glucagon is released

Answer 30

stress | fasting states

Question 31

Glucagon promotes what process?

Answer 31

glycogenolysis :Glucagon enhances catabolic functions during fasting periods

Question 32

normal fasting plasma glucagon concentrations

Answer 32

25-50 pg/mL

Question 33

Where are glucocorticoids secreted?

Answer 33

cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

Question 34

glucocorticoids promote what processes?

Answer 34

gluconeogenesis | lipolysis

Question 35

Function of glucocorticoids?

Answer 35

decrease intestinal entry of glucose into the cell

Question 36

Where are catecholamines released?

Answer 36

chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 37

catecholamines promote what process/es?

Answer 37

glycogenolysis | lipolysis

Question 38

catecholamine function?

Answer 38

inhibit insulin secretion

Question 39

where is the growth hormone secreted?

Answer 39

anterior pituitary gland

Question 40

growth hormone (somatotrophic) function?

Answer 40

decreases entry of glucose into the cell

Question 41

growth hormone promotes what processes

Answer 41

glycogenolysis | glycolysis

Question 42

thyroid hormone function

Answer 42

promotes intestinal absorption of glucose

Question 43

thyroid hormones promote what processes?

Answer 43

glycogenolysis | gluconeogenesis

Question 44

ACTH means

Answer 44

adenocorticotropic hormone

Question 45

stimulates release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Answer 45

ACTH

Question 46

ACTH promotes what processes

Answer 46

glycogenolysis | gluconeogenesis

Question 47

where is somatostatin produced

Answer 47

delta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

Question 48

somatostatin inhibits the action of what hormones?

Answer 48

insulin glucagon GH

Question 49

aside from the delta cells of the islets of the Langerhans, somatostatin may also be synthesized in

Answer 49

paraventricular and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus

Question 50

it refers to the condition where there is an increase in blood glucose concentration

Answer 50

Hyperglycemia

Question 51

FBS level considered to be hyperglycemic

Answer 51

≥ 126 mg/dL

Question 52

T/F: hyperglycemia is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

In the presence of hyperglycemia, serum osmolality will be (high/low).

Answer 53

High

Question 54

In the occurrence of hyperglycemia, sodium concentrations will be (higher/lower)

Answer 54

lower :this is due in part to losses (polyuria) and in part to a shift of water from cells because of the hyperglycemia.

Question 55

Type (I/II/III) DM patients are more likely to produce ketones.

Answer 55

I

Question 56

refers to the condition where there is decreased glucose levels and can have many causes.

Answer 56

hypoglycemia