Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CABS2: Hematology > 1,000 ft view of hematology (incomplete) > Flashcards

1,000 ft view of hematology (incomplete) Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is blood considered

A

connective tissue but has a fluid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the pH of the blood

A

7.35 to 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the primary protein in the blood

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is albumin important for

A

primary protein that determines osmotic balance
needed for transport of hormones/fats/nutrients/meds, helps maintain intravascular volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what determines your oncotic pressure

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the buffy coat consided of

A

platelets
leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do RBC do

A

carries oxygen and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is determined by H+ concentration

A

the pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the definition of pH

A

-log(H+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does pH =

A

HCO3-/pCO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is acidosis

A

Increased H+, lower pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is alkalosis

A

Decreased H+, Higher pH (more basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how much does plasma make up of whole blood

A

55% of blood volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is plasma made up of

A

primarily water
- caries nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, enzymes, hormones, gases
about 7% proteins
-albumin
-fibrinogen
-globulins (IgG, etc aka antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where is albumin made

A

in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what nutrients are found within the blood

A

glucose, carbohydrates
amino acids
lipids
cholesterol
vitamins
rion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what waste is carried within the blood

A

urea
creatinine
uric acid
bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

AKA RBC
biconcave cells, no nucleus, no organelles
cannot perform intracellular functions such as making proteins
transports O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where are RBCs created and what is their lifespan

A

in the bone marrow
lifespan of about 120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much of the RBC is hemoglobin

A

1/3
Heme (red) + globin proteins
O2 and CO2 binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does heme mean

A

red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is oxyhemoglobin

A

bound hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the function of porphorin proteins

A

bind the heme to the iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

where is iron stored

A

in ferritin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
where is iron bound for transport
to transferrin
26
what is hepcidin
made in the liver to regulate iron levels through change in absorption helps regulate feedback loop of iron absorption
27
what regulates Hepcidin expression
systemic iron levels, hypoxia, anemia, erythropoiesis , infection and inflammation
28
what is hemachromatosis
too much iron due to altered HFE gene (homeostatic iron regulator) regulation -> iron overload, tissue damage
29
What is a totipotential cell
total potential blood cell stem cell capable of developing into all human tissue cells found in bone marrow
30
what is erythropoiesis
stimulated by erythropoietin (EPO) - can be given exogenously
31
what produces and regulates erythopoiesis
kidneys based on O2 levels - hypoxia inducible factor
32
what does EPO stimulate
the myeloid stem cell to differentiate into RBC - EPO can be used to determine red marrow function
33
what part of the marrow is responsible for hematopoeisis
red marrow aka myeloid tissue
34
what factors do we need to make a RBC
hemoglobin iron folic acid vitamin B12
35
what is B12
aka cobalamin absorbed through the parietal cells in the stomach needs intrinsic factor for absorption assists with maturation process assists with DNA synthesis helps with folate synthesis
36
what is seen on a CBC with someone with a Vitamin B12 deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
37
what is Folate
absorbed in the duodenum needed for DNA synthesis during erythropoiesis helps with cellular maturation
38
what is seen on CBC with someone with a folate deficiency
megaloblastic anemia
39
what is the formation of a platelet
hematopoietic stem cell megakaryoblast megakaryocyte platelet
40
what is a platelet
pieces off a fragmented megakaryocyte contain cytoplasmic granules (release adhesive proteins, stimulate coagulation cascade, stimulate growth factors) are able to adapt their shape and form pseudopodia (allow for better adhesion)
41
what is the lifespan of a platelet
8-11 days then removed by macrophages within the spleen
42
where are platelets produced
in bone marrow
43
what is Von Willebrand Factor (VWF)
large circulating glycoprotein secreted by endothelial cells and platelets molecular glue
44
what does VWF bind to
collagen, platelets and factor VIII
45
what does VWF play a role in
adhesion aggregation carrier for factor VIII (increased half life)
46
where are RBCs broken down
in the liver, spleen and bone after being engulfed by macrophages hemoglobin is saved and reused
47
what is porphyrin proteins broken into
bilirubin brought to the liver, excreted in the bile can be release in the feces as urobilinogen some released in urine during times of increased bile
48
what is the largest lymphoid organ
spleen
49
what does the spleen remove or sequester
RBCs
50
what is the function of the spleen
filters antigen helps to cleen the blood removes aged erythrocytes blood reservoir: can stretch, hold 300cc+
51
what is hemostatic balance
procoagulants vs profibrinolyitic and anticoagulants
52
what is hemostasis maintained by
endothelium coagulation proteins platelets
53
what are the three steps to stop bleeding
vasoconstriction platelet plug clotting cascade
54
what is the vascular endothelial lining
under normal circumstances, keeps platelets inactive, vessels dilated covered in proteins that prevent unnecessary clotting: heparin and thrombomodulin
55
what does the vascular endothelial lining normally secrete
Nitric oxide (NO) - endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factor - vasodilator Prostacyclin (PGI2) - vasodilator
56
what is dysrupted with a vascular endothelial lining injury
No NO No PGI2 No heparin
57
what is released from ruptured endothelial cells causing contraction of the surrounding smooth muscles
endothilin - causing vasoconstriction
58
what is released/activated when there is damage to the cascular endothelial lining
VWF (Factor VIII) causes actiation of platelets platelets bind to VWF with glycoprotein1b
59
how is the platelet pug formed
they begin to adhere to the exposed VWF - bind via GP1b they are activated so begin their pseudopodia shapes through platelet degranulation
60
what is TXA
clot forming medication
61
what granules are released during clot formation
CALCIUM: required for adhesion and intracellular signaling of the activated platelets ADP: brings more platelets Serotonin: increased vascular permeability
62
how fast does a platelet plug form
forms in about 3-5 minutes
63
what is factor 2
thrombin
64
what is factor 1
fibrinogen
65
what factors are within the common pathway
factors 5,2 and 1
66
what activates the intrinsic pathway
exposed endothelial collagen
67
what activated the extrinsic pathway
tissue factor that is released by the damaged cells
68
what factors are within the intrinsic pathway
Factors 12,11,9,8
69
what factors are within the extrinsic pathway
Factors 3 and 7
70
what factor is the common link between all pathways
factor 10
71
what created prothrombin activator
Xa reacts with factor V along with more calcium and platelet factor)
72
what forms the fibrin mesh
Factor III (fibrin stabilizer) will cross link with large proteins
73
what is vitamin K required for
liver activation of prothrombin, VII, IX, X
74
what is the effect of vitamin K deficiency
decrease clotting factors - increased bleeding tendency
75
what is the process of clot resorption
tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) will stimulate plasminogen plasminogen then converts to its active form -> plasmin plasmin is an enzyme that will break down the formed clot (fibinolyssis)
76
where is tPA used
within the vascular system
77
what is PCC
prothrombin complex concentrates Factors II, VII, IX, X prot c&s, heparin aPCC: II, VIIa, IX, X
78
what is FFP
fresh frozen plasma all circulating plasma proteins
79
what are the significant bleeding labs
CBC D-dimer PT PTT INR
80
what does the CBC with diff include
RBC count hemoglobin hematocrit RBC indices WBC count and diff (neuro, lympho, mono, eosino, baso) Blood smear platelet count mean platelet volume
81
what do low volume RBC count mean
active or recent bleeding hemolysis deficiency (iron or b12) genetic issues (sickle cell) drugs bone marrow dysfunction chronic illness renal disease overhydration smoking COPD
82
what do elevated RBC count mean
increased need for O2 carrying capacity (smoking, high altitudes) polycythermia dehydration cirrhosis
83
what are Indices helpful for
give information about size, weight, hemoglobin concentration of the RBCs assist with classifying anemia
84
what is the MCV
mean corpuscular volume how much hemoglobin is within one RBC
85
what is RBC distribution width
indicates the variation in width of RBCs
86
what is hemoglobin (HGB)
the measure of concentration of Hgb in the blood which indicates oxygen carrying capacity low levels indicate anemia
87
what is hematocrit (HCT)
indirect measurement of number of RBCs measurement of the percentage of RBCs in the total blood volume
88
what do low HCT levels indicate
anemia
89
what do elevated HCT levels indicate
can be due to erythrocytosis
90
what can play a role in the HCT
hydration plays into percentage
91
what takes time to change during hemorrhage
Hgb and HCT values
92
what is the platelet count
assess the number of platelet (thrombocytes) which can indicate concerns for bleeding maintain homeostasis of bleeding and will form clot
93
what is Prothrombin time (PT)
measures the extrinsic and common pathways of coagulation cascade measured in seconds: HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FOR CLOT TO FORM VIA THE EXTRINSIC AND COMMON PATHWAY WHEN EXPOSED TO TISSUE FACTOR(normally 11-13 seconds) reported along with INR
94
what is INR
ration of prothrombin time measured and a control prothombin time INR = (pt PT/Control PT) used for monitoring warfain
95
what is the goal INR in patients on warfarin
2
96
what is a d-dimer
fibrin D-dimer measurement of the breakdown(fibrinolysis) of the fibrin mesh during fibrinolysis, the fibrin that is crosslinked by XIII forming mesh, is broken down by plasmin
97
what is a normal d-dimer level
<500mg/mL *age adjusted

CABS2: Hematology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions