1,000ft View Conception and Pregnancy

Question 1

what is a Graafian follicle

Answer 1

the developed follicle at the edge of the ovary prepared for rupture of contained ova. Remnants will become corpus lutetium

Question 2

where is the area of implantation of a fertilized egg

Answer 2

stromal cell of the endometrium

Question 3

how many sperm are released during ejactulation

Answer 3

500,000,000

Question 4

how many sperm will reach the fallopian tube ampulla

Answer 4

few thousand

Question 5

what is the pH of sperm

Answer 5

7.5

Question 6

what makes up semen

Answer 6

sperm accounts for 10%
seminal fluid is the bulk
prostate fluid - causes white color

Question 7

how long will sperm live for at body temp

Answer 7

24-48 hours

Question 8

What is capacitation

Answer 8

degranulation of the head of the sperm to break down barriers (aka follicular layer of ovum)

Question 9

What is the corona radiata

Answer 9

remaining follicular cells after release of the ovum from Graafian follicle. contains carbs for ovum as well as hyaluronic acid

Question 10

what is zona pellucida

Answer 10

layer of glycoproteins that prevent multiple sperm from binding. initiates sport capitation

Question 11

what is monospermy

Answer 11

once sperm has entered the ovum, cell will depolarize so no others are able to enter

Question 12

who determines sex

Answer 12

dad - delivery of either X or Y gene

Question 13

what is the SRY gene

Answer 13

gene is on the Y chromosome
without SRU expression, female characteristics will continue to develop

Question 14

when does implantation occur

Answer 14

between day 16 and 22 of normal cycle

Question 15

what occurs during implantation

Answer 15

corpus luteum is active and progesterone is causing secretory phase of endometrial lining
blastocysts loses its outer covering

Question 16

what is a blastocyst

Answer 16

By the fifth or sixth day, the fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst — a rapidly dividing ball of cells. The inner group of cells (pole) will become the embryo.

Question 17

what do the stromal cells of the endometrium release

Answer 17

glycogen, proteins, lipids to ensure nutrition for development of fetal tissue

Question 18

when does placenta develop for function

Answer 18

by day 16

Question 19

what is the inner aspect of the trophoblast

Answer 19

amnion

Question 20

what is the outer layer of the trophoblast

Answer 20

chorion

Question 21

what does the trophoblast secrete

Answer 21

human chorionic gonadotropin (Hcg)

Question 22

what causes the continued stimulation of corpus luteum to secrete progesterone

Answer 22

the secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 23

when is the hypothalamus/pituitary developed in utero

Answer 23

by 12th week

Question 24

what develops into the placenta

Answer 24

trophoblastic cords from blastocysts

Question 25

when does the fetal heart begin to contract

Answer 25

day 21

Question 26

how is fetal hemoglobin different than regular hemoglobin

Answer 26

cary 20-50% more O2 than mom hemoglobin hgb can carry more O2 with lower CO2 increases O2 delivery for fetus left shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Question 27

where should the location of the placenta be

Answer 27

superior

Question 28

what does the placenta secrete

Answer 28

estrogens and progestins

Question 29

what does progesterone do throughout pregnancy

Answer 29

helps keep uterine contractions low throughout pregnancy increased breast development throughout pregnancy

Question 30

what does estrogen do during pregnancy

Answer 30

increases Na+ and H20 reabsorption in the kidneys - fluid retention causes vasodilation to prepare for the required demand of uterine contraction spikes at end of pregnancy

Question 31

what is the normal amount of amniotic fluid

Answer 31

500 - 1,000mL

Question 32

how often is fluid exchanged for amniotic fluid

Answer 32

fluid exchanged every 3 hours, key electrolytes every 15 hours

Question 33

what are the effects of the pituitary during pregnancy

Answer 33

increase in size by up to 50% in mom increases release of ACTH, thyrotropin and prolactin decrease in FSH/LH as result of negative feedback loop from the increased placental secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Question 34

what happens with the adrenal glands during pregnancy

Answer 34

glucocortiocids increase to increase amnio acid levels to be used by fetal tissues increased aldosterone secretion- Na+ reabsorption - increased fluid retention

Question 35

what happens with the thyroid and parathyroid during pregnancy

Answer 35

gland enlarges by 50% during pregnancy hcg and placenta causes increase in thyroid hormone demand fetus will increase demand for calcium, if not maintained through diet, PTH will increase - increased osteoclastic activity - increased circulating calcium

Question 36

what are the changes for mom during pregnancy

Answer 36

uterus will increase 22x from baseline breast doubled in size CO increased 30-60% in first trimester decreased BP plasma volume increases increased factors VII - X minute ventilation increases progesterone will increase sensitivity to CO2 levels hormones weight gain

Question 37

what is the typical weight gain during pregnancy

Answer 37

25-35lbs -baby: 8lbs -uterus: 3lbs -breasts: 2lbs -fluid retention: 5lbs -fat accumulation: 3-13lbs -increased hunger

Question 38

what does the increased progesterone and hCG cause

Answer 38

N/V, associated with relaxed stomach muscles, decreased gastrointestinal motility

Question 39

what are early pregnancy symptoms

Answer 39

late period tender breasts light spotting nausea fatigue cramping

Question 40

when does the fetus grow the most

Answer 40

the last 2 months of pregnancy

Question 41

when does moms metabolism increase and body heat increase

Answer 41

third trimester

Question 42

what occurs for mom during third trimester

Answer 42

minute ventilation increases decreased intrathoracic cavity and movement of diaphragm increased heat b/c of metabolism and fetal change increased urination increased swelling braxton-hicks increased breast growth, may have galactorrhea back pain

Question 43

what is parturition

Answer 43

labor to delivery

Question 44

what are the hormonal changes during parturition

Answer 44

decrease progesterone increase of estrogen

Question 45

what are the stages of labor

Answer 45

1st: onset to complete dilation 2nd: cervical dilation to birth of baby 3rd: delivery of placenta

Question 46

what is the first stage of labor

Answer 46

onset to complete dilation move to more regular contractions with increase strength and decrease in time prostaglandins allow for appropriate progression

Question 47

what is the timing progression of dilation

Answer 47

typically 1-2 cm dilation/hr in active phase

Question 48

what is the 2nd stage of labor

Answer 48

cervical dilation to birth of baby oxytocin will maintain the contractions for completion of delivery fetus will enter pelvis

Question 49

what is the 3rd stage of labor

Answer 49

delivery of placenta as placenta separates, will see increased vaginal bleeding fundus of uterus will become more rounded and expel the placenta

Question 50

how quickly after baby delivery will the placenta be delivered

Answer 50

typically 5-30 minutes after