1 Flashcards by Jassi Sangar

Binds to substrates and stabilizes transition state

Enzymes

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Catalyst that lower the activation energy

Enzymes

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What’s the. First and 0 order equation of Michaelis- Menten equation?

1st order [S] less than km
0 order (S) more than Km

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Is a site that alters the activation site.

Allosteric inhibition

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Examples of Enzyme Inhibitors

Xenobiotics
Vitamins
Trace element

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These cannot be synthesized by mammalian cells and they promote optimal enzyme functionality

Vitamins

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Function of Iron (Fe)

Oxygen and electron transport

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Less iron causes

Microcytic Anemia

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Extra Iron causes

Hemochromatosis (iron poisoning)

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Function of Iodine

Constituent of thyroid hormones

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Less iodine causes

Hypothyroidism (Goiter disease)

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More iodine in body causes

Hyperthyroidism

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Function of Chromium

Promote insulin signalling

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Less chromium causes

Insulin resistance & impaired glucose tolerance

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Function of copper

Interacts with oxidative enzymes, iron and cross linking of elastin

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Less copper causes

Anemia

Ossification changes

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Function of Zinc

Interacts with enzymes of energy metabolism, transcription and translation

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Less zinc causes

Growth depression
Sexual immaturity
Skin lesions

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Function of Selenium

Interacts with heavy metals

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Less selenium causes

Endemic cardiomyopathy

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List of Essential Trace Elements:

Iron
Iodine
Zinc
Copper
Chromium
Selenium

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List of water-soluble vitamins:

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid )
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Nicotinic acid (Niacin/B3)
Pyridoxin (B6)
Biotin (B7)
Folic acid (B9)
Cyanocobalamin (B12
Lipoic acid

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This vitamin act as reducing agent

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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Roles of ascorbic acid in body:

Iron absorption
Immune system
Growth development
Repair of body tissue

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Less vitamin C causes:

Scurvy

Swollen/bleeding/purple gums are symptoms of which disease?

Scurvy

This water soluble vitamin functions by oxidizing coenzyme aiding electron transport and acyl group transfer.

Lipoic acid

Function of B1

Energy metabolism especially in brain and nervous system

This water soluble vitamin is essential for pyruvate metabolism

Thiamine (B1)

Vitamin B1 also known as?

Thiamine

Less B1 causes:

Wernicke -Korsakoff syndrome | Beri-beri (increase of pyruvic acid in blood)

What are the symptoms of less amount of thiamine in body?

Mental status change, memory loss and nerve damage

Riboflavin occurs as two coenzymes of:

FAD and FMN

This vitamin plays important role in vision health

Riboflavin (B2)

Less Riboflavin causes:

Slowed growth Cracks/sores around corners of mouth Light sensitive

Function of Biotin

Coenzyme in carboxylation reactions involving bicarbonate

Biotin also known as

Niacin occurs as two coenzymes:

NAD+ and NADP+

Other names of vitamin B3

Nicotinic acid | Niacin

How vitamin B3 is formed?

By hepatic conversion of tryptophan (amino acid)

Less Nicotinic acid causes:

Pellagra (memory loss, depression and vomiting)

Pyridoxine also known as

Function of vitamin b6

Transamination and decatboxylation rxn for amino acid metabolism

List of fat soluble vitamins:

K E A D

What is vitamin A used for and how it is stored?

Used by retina | Stored as retinol

Function of Vitamin A

Combines with opsin protein to form RHODOPSIN (light absorbing molecule)

Low (defieciency) of Vitamin A causes:

Night blindness | Deterioration of eye tissue

Is a collective name of tocopherols and tocotrienols

Vitamin E

What are the antioxidant properties of vitamin E?

Scavenging free radicals

Low of vitamin E causes:

Delayed growth | Weight loss

Function of vitamin K

Electron transport coenzyme for clotting factors (hemostasis): bone health

Sources of vitamin K

Leafy green vegetables

Low in vitamin K can causes:

Bleeding/hemorrhage | Reduction in bone mineralization and osteoporosis

Vitamin k is produced by?

Intestinal bacteria- pose risk to antibiotics

Vitamin D stimulates calcium absorption from ?

Kidney Intestine Bone

Function of vitamin D

Neuromuscular Immune Anti-inflammatory

Low of vitamin D can causes:

Rickets in children (soft bone formation) Osteomalacia in adults (softening of existing bones)

Are ketone / aldehyde derivatives

Carbohydrates

Also knows as simple sugar

Monosaccharides

Occurs between simple sugars in ring conformation by_____________reaction.

Glycosidic bonds Acid-catalysed condensation

Starch

Linked by a1-4 glycosidic bond

Energy storage molecule in PLANTS

Starch

Glycogen

Linked by a1-4 and a1-6 bond

Energy storage molecule in ANIMALS

Glycogen

Cellulose

Linked by b1-4 bond

Building blocks of cell walls in PLANTS

Cellulose

Chitin

Linear polymer of N-acetyl -D-glucosamine linked by b1-4 bond

Exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects

Chitin

Storage barrier impermeable to water

Chitin

Energy generating process that does bot require oxygen

Glycolysis

I’m the absence of oxygen, what can be produced instead of puruvate?

Lactate

Used as dyslipidemia

Niacin

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