1 Flashcards by MARY DOROTHY SAPINIT

is the development of the specific tissues and organs of the body.

Organogenesis

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Organs that perform related functions are grouped into a

System

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How many organ system does the body has?

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Central nervous system is composed of?

Brain and spinal cord

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Are the basic functional unit of the CNS

Neurons ( nerve cells)

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The connective tissue cells of the CNS are the

gliocytes
(oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microgliocytes and ependymal cells).

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which contains cytoplasm and nucleus;

nerve cell body

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which conducts impulses away from the cell body

Axon

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The axon presents at its
end many tiny branches called

Telodendria

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where impulses leave the neuron

Telondria

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which receive stimuli from the environment and convert these stimuli into
impulses.

Dendrites

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Axon only

Unipolar neuron

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neuron w/ only one process

Unipolar neuron

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axon & dendrite

Bipolar neuron

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neuron w/ two processes

Bipolar neuron

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neuron w/ many processes

Multipolar neuron

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One axon & and many dendrites

Multipolar neuron

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Enlarged cranial portion of the neural tube becomes the

Brain

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The slender middle and caudal portions become the

Spinal cord

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Neural canal becomes the …….

ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the
spinal cord.

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Neural crest cells become

(1) neurons of the PNS that have their cell bodies in
ganglia,
(2) neurolemocytes (Schwann cells) of the PNS,
(3) adrenal medulla
cells,
(4) melanocytes of skin and
(5) a variety of structures in the face.

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Neuroepithelium gives rise to

neurons, gliocytes and ependymal cells of the CNS.

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CNS contains….

blood vessels and
microgliocyte derived from mesoderm

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inner layer; composed of neuroepithelial
cells that remain lining the central canal and designated as ependymal cells

Germinal layer or ventricular zone

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middle layer; zone of high cell density, formed by accumulation of neuroblasts and glioblasts

Mantle layer or intermediate zone

becomes the gray matter of the CNS w/c contains cell bodies of neurons & several gliocytes.

Mantle layer or intermediate zone

The outer layer surrounding the mantle layer; cell-sparse zone where axons of neurons & some gliocytes are present;

Marginal layer

becomes the white matter of the CNS which contains mainly myelinated axons of neurons.

Marginal layer

The lateral wall of the neural tube is divided into 2 plates by sulcus limitans

Alar or dorsal plate Basal or ventral plate

a bilateral indentation in the neural cavity that serves as a landmark to divide the wall

Sulcus limitans

contains cell bodies of efferent or motor neurons that send axons into the PNS

Basal plate

contains neurons that receive afferent or sensory input from the PNS.

Alar plate

Midline region of the wall dorsal to the neural canal constitutes the

roof plate

counterpart wall ventral to the neural canal is the

Floor plate

How many hours the incubaton of chick embryo the enlarged cranial end of the neural tube forms 3 brain vesicles?

27 hrs

occupies the rostral part of the head

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Neural canal is prosocoele; presents a depression on its floor, the infundibulum;

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

Neural canal is prosocoele; presents a depression on its floor, the

Infundibulum

located posterior to and marked off from the prosencephalon by constriction

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

In mesencephalon the neural canal is

Mesocoele

located posteriorly and marked off from the mesencephalon by a slight constriction.

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) located posteriorly and marked off from the mesencephalon by a slight constriction. Neural canal is

Rhombocoele

continuous posteriorly w/ the spinal cord

Rhombocoele

that will develop into brain presents 11 enlargements

The cranial neural tube

The cranial neural tube that will develop into brain presents 11 enlargements called

Neuromeres

are a sign of metamerism or segmentation in the embryo

Neuromeres

Neuromeres.....

I to III make up the prosencephalon, neuromeres IV V, the mesencephalon VI to XI, the rhombencephalon.

How many hrs of incubation, the lateral walls of prosencephalon evaginate to form two primary optic vesicles?

29-30hrs

The rostral end of prosencephalon presents the ___________ that is almost closed by 33 hrs of incubation

Anterior neuropore

occurs at the level of the midbrain; concave ventrally

Midbrain flexure

occurs between the midbrain and the hindbrain; concave dorsally.

Pontine flexure

appears at the junction of the hindbrain and spinal cord; persists slightly in domestic animals; concave ventrally.

Cervical flexure

By 38 hours of incubation, three brain vesicles become four due to the division of

the rhombencephalon into metencephalon (VI - VII) and myelencephalon (VIII - XI). Rhombocoele of metencephalon is metacoele; that of the myelencephalon is the myelocoele.

By 55 hours of incubation the prosencephalon shows evidence of division into the .....

cephalic telencephalon and caudal diencephalon, the latter being composed of the optic vesicles and part of prosencephalon lying between the optic vesicles

By 72 hours of incubation, the telencephalon presents a median portion called

median telencephalon

2 lateral evagination called

lateral telencephalic vesicles.

Prosocoele of median telencephalon is the

Median telecoele

while the prosocoele of the lateral telencephalic vesicles are the

lateral telocoele

Neural canal becomes the

Central canal

failure of cerebellum to develop due to destruction of cerebellar cortex.

Cerebellar hypoplasia and atrophy

premature degeneration of Purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex.

Cerebellar abiotrophy

accumulation of excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity.

Hydrocephalus

thin walled and greatly enlarged lateral ventricle filled with CSF.

Hydranencephaly

general term for a malformation of the spinal cord. Originates during neurula.

Myelodysplasia

reduced or absence of development of one or more segments of spinal cord.

Hypoplasia (aplasia)

dilation of central canal due to excess accumulation of CSF.

Hydromyelia

abnormal cavitation of the spinal cord.

Syrinomyelia

2 spinal cords develop beside each other usually in one set or meninges and in one vertebral canal

Diplomyelia

2 spinal cords develop w/ a partition between them. Usually in separate vertebral canals and have separate meninges.

Diastematomyelia

cleft in the neural tube brought about by the failure of this part to close during neurulation.

Myeloschisis

protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral arches to form a cyst beneath the skin.

Meningocoele

similar to meningocoele except that both meninges and spinal cord protrudes

Meningomyelocoele

Are associated with spina bifida

Myelochisis Meningocoele Meningomyelocoele

the failure of vertebral arches to close dorsal to spinal cord.

Spina bifida

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