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Question 1

Scientific theory

Answer 1

Structured explanation to a phenomenon ex. Big bang

Question 2

“It’s just a theory”

Answer 2

misleading, suggests theory is untested but scientific theories are viewed as tested

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

assumed explanation ex. Increased apple consumption decrease’s doctor’s visits

Question 4

Prediction

Answer 4

outcome if hypothesis is correct “if… then”

Question 5

Experiment

Answer 5

scientists gather to see if prediction is right

Question 6

Interpreting Data

Answer 6

help utilize experiment data to answer questions

Question 7

Falsifiable hypothesis

Answer 7

makes testable predictions, supported by all evidence

Question 8

Scientific hypothesis

Answer 8

only credible if inherently falsifiable, capable of being tested and proven wrong

Question 9

Falsifiable and Unfalsifiable examples

Answer 9

Ex.Falsifiable- “all swans are white” Ex.Unfalsifiable- “faith can move mountains” can’t be tested wrong

Question 10

What prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common

Answer 10

cell membrane, dna, rna, ribosomes, proteins, cytoplasm

Question 11

Prokaryotic

Answer 11

relatively simple internal structure, complex chemistry

Question 12

Eukaryotic

Answer 12

membrane bound organelles and nucleus housing dna, dif shape and function for dif env.

Question 13

Nucleus

Answer 13

houses dna, rna synthesis site

Question 14

Golgi apparatus

Answer 14

receives proteins and lipids and ships them

Question 15

Cytoskeleton

Answer 15

network of protein fibers in eukaryotic, provides structure, organization, support

Question 16

Protein fibers

Answer 16

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Question 17

Microtubules

Answer 17

subunit: tubular dimers structure: hollow tube functions: cell shape and support, organelle arrangement, vesicle transport, cell movement, cell division (chromosome seg.), provides structure

Question 18

Microfilaments

Answer 18

subunit: actin monomers structure: thin helix of actin protein monomers functions: cell shape and support, cell movement (crawling), vesicle transport, muscle contraction, cell division (cytokinesis)

Question 19

Intermediate filaments

Answer 19

subunit: diverse, cell type specific proteins function: cell shape, structure, and support (animal), dif cells have dif intermediate filaments

Question 20

Function of Cytoskeleton fibers and cellular processes

Answer 20

provide mechanical strength to cell, link transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins, anchor centrosomes during mitosis, generate locomotion in cells, interact with myosin to provide force of muscle contraction

Question 21

Cytoskeleton disruption

Answer 21

leads to disruption of cellular structure and easily damages, can release viruses, cell can’t function w/o

Question 22

Covalent bond

Answer 22

when two atoms share electrons, single, double, triple refers to electron pairs shared by atoms in bond

Question 23

Ionic bond

Answer 23

one or more electrons is/are completely transferred from one atom to another, atom gains electrons = - charge, atom loses electrons = +charge, attraction between opposites holds atoms together

Question 24

Hydrogen bond

Answer 24

common and occurs regularly between water molecules, weak and easily broken, caused by attraction between partial charges on two molecules with polar covalent bonds

Question 25

Polar covalent bond

Answer 25

one of the atoms in the bond attracts the shared electron more strongly, more electronegative

Question 26

Nonpolar covalent bond

Answer 26

two atoms in bond share electrons equally, have (nearly) equal electronegative, don’t have partial charges

Question 27

Electronegative

Answer 27

more electronegative atom = negative partial charge, less electronegative = partial positive charge

Question 28

Water

Answer 28

bent and highly polar b/c readily forms hydrogen bonds with other water mol, polar mol, and ions, properties: polarity, solvency, cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, buffering agent, covalent bonds more durable than ionic, readily separates bonds in ions, polar and charged molecules and ions interact readily with water through attractions between opp. Charges (partial and/or full)

Question 29

Hydrophilic

Answer 29

Readily interacts with water

Question 30

Hydrophobic

Answer 30

Doesn’t readily interact with water

Question 31

Amphipathic

Answer 31

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

hydrophobic, nonpolar, functions: stored energy for long time use, provides insulation, building block of many hormones, imp. Constituent of all cellular membranes

Question 33

Phospholipid

Answer 33

makes up plasma membrane, composed of fatty acid chains attached to a backbone, head (phosphate group) = hydrophilic, fatty acid tails = hydrophobic, arranges themselves in certain pattern b/c properties, form cell membranes

Question 34

Polar and charged molecules

Answer 34

Doesn’t readily pass across hydrophobic interior

Question 35

Selective barrier

Answer 35

to get across it has to be hydrophobic or pass through specialized protein in membrane

Question 36

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 36

describes structure of plasma membrane, fluid movement of molecules away from surface

Question 37

Channels

Answer 37

passive, transports substances only down concentration gradient, doesn’t use energy or bind to substance, less selective

Question 38

Carriers

Answer 38

transport specific substances both down and against concentration gradient, responsible for facilitated diffusion of sugars, amino acids, nucleosides, transports through intracellular compartments into the extracellular fluid or across cells

Question 39

Pumps

Answer 39

transporters, transmembrane proteins that actively move ions and/or solutes against a concentration or electrochemical gradient across biological membranes

Question 40

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 40

doesn’t require ATP for movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration, passive movement of molecules against con., selective process

Question 41

Primary active transport

Answer 41

directly uses ATP to transport all species of solutes across membrane against concentration gradient

Question 42

Secondary active transport

Answer 42

transport of solute in direction of increasing electrochemical potential coupled to the facilitated diffusion of second solute in direction of its decreasing electrochemical potential

Question 43

Electrochemical

Answer 43

gradient of ions or protons (electrochemical gradient) that can move across membrane, determined by diffusion or active transport

Question 44

Diffusion

Answer 44

movement of molecules from high con. To low con.

Question 45

Osmosis

Answer 45

movement of water from high con. Of water to low con. Of water

Question 46

Hypotonic

Answer 46

Higher solute inside, water moves in

Question 47

Hypertonic

Answer 47

Higher solute outside, water moves out

Question 48

Isotonic

Answer 48

Equal amounts of solute, water remains consistent

Question 49

Proteins perform most of the work of living cells

Answer 49

movement (microtubules), defense (antibodies), structure (cytoskeleton), catalysis (enzymes), transport (kinesin), signaling (signal receptor proteins)

Question 50

Every amino acid has

Answer 50

a central carbon, amino group, carbonyl group, hydrogen, R group (different for different amino acids) 1. Carbonyl group of amino acid react with another amino group to form peptide bond 2. Amino acids can be linked together in a chain to form peptide 3. Every protein is made up of one or more folded-up polypeptides

Question 51

Primary Structure

Answer 51

sequence of amino acids, determines: how polypeptide folds into final 3D shape, how parts of polypeptides interact with other molecules or ions

Question 52

Secondary

Answer 52

results from interactions of nearby amino acids, how parts of polypeptide fold into helices and sheets, stabilized by H-bonding along polypeptide backbone, determined by primary structure

Question 53

Tertiary

Answer 53

3D folded shape of molecule, determined by: interactions between R groups and surrounding water, interactions between different r groups within polypeptide

Question 54

Quaternary

Answer 54

results from interactions of polypeptide subunits, covalent and noncovalent interactions can hold polypeptide in protein together

Question 55

What order do the structures go in?

Answer 55

Primary -> secondary -> tertiary -> quaternary

Question 56

How are each structures affected by one another?

Answer 56

Each structure affected by primary but primary not affected by any

Question 57

How are covalent bonds held together?

Answer 57

atoms are sharing electrons

Question 58

How are ionic bonds held together?

Answer 58

Attractions between full charges

Question 59

How are hydrogen bonds held together?

Answer 59

Attractions between partial charges, weakest bond because it’s partial charged