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Question 1

Confidentiality

Answer 1

Researchers must ensure that the identity of the individuals who participated in their study remains confidential. The purpose of confidentiality is so that participants feel comfortable sharing private information.

Question 2

Informed Consent

Answer 2

Researchers must ensure participants are aware of what will occur during the study before obtaining their clear consent. The purpose of informed consent is to make sure participants have the information needed to make an informed decision on whether or not to participate in the study.

Question 3

Deception

Answer 3

Deception refers to researchers providing false information to participants to purposely mislead them on aspects of their study. Deception may not be used in research because it involves participants not being fully aware of the content of the study, meaning informed consent cannot be obtained.

Question 4

Debriefing

Answer 4

Researchers must ensure that participants are provided with emotional and psychological support, if necessary, once the study concludes. The purpose of debriefing is to prevent disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder from developing following the study.

Question 5

Protection from harm

Answer 5

Researchers must ensure that participants are protected from any harm that may occur from partaking in the study. The purpose of this is to prevent any physical or psychological harm to participants.

Question 6

Case study

Answer 6

A case study is a type of research method that aims to study a single person or community to gather information. Case studies often use methods such as observations, interviews, and tests to obtain data.

Question 7

Questionnaires

Answer 7

Questionnaires are a type of research method. They are a written self-report technique that requires all participants to respond to the same, predetermined questions.

Question 8

Experiments

Answer 8

Experiments are a type of research method that involve manipulating an independent variable and measuring a dependent variable. Participants of experiments are exposed to one or more conditions to gather information.

Question 9

Field experiments

Answer 9

Field experiments are a type of research method that occur outside of a laboratory. Field experiments are used to observe participants in a naturalistic setting.

Question 10

Independent samples

Answer 10

Independent samples is a type of experimental design where participants are randomly allocated to a certain condition.

Question 11

Repeated measures

Answer 11

Repeated measures is a type of experimental design where each participant is tested under all conditions of an experiment.

Question 12

Demand characteristics

Answer 12

Demand characteristics is when participants guess the intentions of a study, which influences the participant’s behavior.

Question 13

Stratified sampling

Answer 13

Stratified sampling is a sampling method where participants are allocated to a condition with other participants who share similar characteristics to reflect the study’s target population.

Question 14

Self-selecting sampling

Answer 14

Self-selecting sampling is a sampling method that is volunteer-based.

Question 15

Construct validity

Answer 15

Construct validity refers to operationalizability.

Question 16

Internal validity

Answer 16

Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that what is being tested is not influenced by outside variables.

Question 17

External validity

Answer 17

External validity refers to generalizability.

Question 18

MRI scans

Answer 18

MRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, scans are used to study the brain in relation to behavior. MRI scans create an image of the brain’s structure.

Question 19

fMRI scans

Answer 19

fMRI, or magnetic resonance imaging, scans are used to study the brain in relation to behavior. fMRI scans measure brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Question 20

TEACUP

Answer 20

A theory must be (T)estable, (E)xplainable, (A)pplicable to a real-world context, have clearly defined (C)onstructs, be (U)nbiased, and be able to (P)redict behavior.

Question 21

Thesis Statement (Evaluate versus discuss)

Answer 21

Evaluate: This theory is supported by evidence, but has some limitations. Discuss: This theory is applicable to _, but hard to study because _.