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1
Q

Breakdown of substances to simpler forms

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

Synthesis of larger molecules from simpler ones

A

Anabolism

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3
Q

Losing electron and hydrogen then gaining oxygen

A

Oxidation

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4
Q

LEORA

A

Lose Electron
Oxidized
Reducing agent

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5
Q

GEROA

A

Gain electron
Reduced
Oxidizing agent

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6
Q

What amino acids accumulate in Maple Syrup urine odor?

A

Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine

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7
Q

What amino acid accumulate in Mousy/Musty urine odor?

A

Phenylalanine

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8
Q

Creatinine is directly derived from ?

A

Creatine

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9
Q

What is the parent amino acid of creatine?

A

Arginine

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10
Q

What amino acid can be produced in the body but during puberty it becomes essential to the diet?

A

Arginine

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11
Q

What collagen type is defective in Alport Syndrome?

A

Type 4 Collagen

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12
Q

Gross hematuria, bilateral sensorineural loss, ocular problems

A

Alport syndrome

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13
Q

What type of collagen is defective in goodpasture syndrome?

A

Type 4 collagen

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14
Q

Gross hematuria, gross hemoptysis

A

Goodpasture Syndrome

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15
Q

Most common type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Hypermobile EDS

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16
Q

Most serious type of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome?

A

Vascular EDS

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17
Q

What is the defective type of collagen in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Type 7 collagen Fiber

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18
Q

What factors are considered in determining dietary reference intakes for specific nutrients?

A

1) Age 2) Physiologic state 3) Sex

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19
Q

It is the daily intake of a specific nutrient estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of the healthy individual

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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20
Q

It is the daily intake of a specific nutrient estimated to meet the requirement of nearly all of the healthy individuals

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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21
Q

If there is insufficient evidence to calculate for the EAR or RDA of a specific nutrient, what can be used?

A

Adequate intake (AI)

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22
Q

Beyond this level of nutrient intake, adverse effects may occur

A

Tolerable upper intake level ( UL)

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23
Q

Protein - Amount of kilocalorie per gram of macronutrient

A

4 kcal/gram

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24
Q

Carbohydrate - Amount of kilocalorie per gram of macronutrient

A

4 kcal/ gram

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25
Fats - Amount of kilocalorie per gram of macronutrient
9 kcal/ gram
26
Alcohol - Amount of kilocalorie per gram of macronutrient
7 kcal / gram
27
how much kilojoules in 1 kilocalorie?
4.2 kilojoules
28
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) of carbohydrates?
46-65%
29
AMDR of saturated and trans fat
<10% of total kcal
30
What is the major issue in Marasmus
Caloric deprivation ( Muscle Wasting)
31
What is the major issue in Kwashiorkor?
Protein deprivation (MEALS)
32
What period does the production of colostrum occur?
12th-16th week of pregnancy
33
Vitamin involved in fatty acid synthesis (fatty acid synthase)
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)
34
Vitamin involved in majority of amino acid metabolic pathways
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
35
Vitamin involved in glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase)
Vitamin B6 ( Pyridoxine)
36
Vitamin involved in redox reactions
Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin) Vitamin B3 ( Niacin)
37
Earliest sign of Vitamin A deficiency
Loss of Sensitivity to green light (deuteranopia)
38
Earliest symptom of vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness (nyctalopia)
39
Type of stone formed in vitamin C deficiency
Calcium Oxalate
40
Vitamin B6 toxicity
Sensory Neuropathy
41
Vitamin B3 deficiency
Podagra (Hepatotoxicity, Facial flushing)
42
Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea (pellagra). What is the deficient vitamin?
Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
43
Cheilosis, corneal vascularization. What is the deficient vitamin
Vitamin B2 ( Riboflavin)
44
Confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, dementia, confabulation (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome). What is the deficient vitamin?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
45
What metabolic pathway depends on a product of the citric acid cycle?
Gluconeogenesis
46
Posterior column defects (loss of position sense, proprioception defect), hemolytic anemia (pale, jaundice, tea-colored urine). What is the deficient vitamin?
Vitamin E
47
Posterior column defects (loss of position sense, proprioception defect), macrocytic anemia (pale). What is the deficient vitamin?
Vitamin B12
48
Helminth associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency
Fish tapeworm Diphyllobothrium latum
49
Child presenting with diarrhea. Besides hydration, what micronutrient may be provided? (but take note that this does not reduce mortality in this population)
Zinc
50
What vitamin is deficient among vegans?
Vitamin B12 (may occur after 3-4 years of veganism)
51
What is the first energy system being utilized by muscles when initiating exercise?
Phosphocreatine (Phosphagen system)
52
This salient feature of the genetic code states that any specific codon can represent only one amino acid
Unambiguous
53
This salient feature of the genetic code states that reading of genetic does not involve overlapping of sequence
Nonoverlapping
54
This salient feature of the genetic code states that more than 1 codon represent a single amino acid
Degenerate ( Redundant)
55
This salient feature of the genetic code states that a specific codon represent a specific amino acid in all species of known life
Universal (exception to the rule are codons of mitochondrial DNA)
56
Composition of fetal hemoglobin
2 alpha globins 2 gamma globins
57
What pathway produces ribose and NADPH (used for anabolism)?
Pentose phosphate pathway (Hexose monophosphate shunt)
58
What hormone is increased during the fed state?
Insulin
59
What hormone is increased during the fasting state?
First increased: Glucagon Second increased: Epinephrine
60
What happens to the activity of fructose bisphosphatase-2 (FBPase-2) and phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) during the fasting state?
Increase in FBPase-2 activity Decrease in PFK-2 activity
61
This form of hemoglobin has high oxygen affinity
R form ( relaxed form)
62
This form of hemoglobin has low oxygen affinity
T form ( Taut form)
63
Form of hemoglobin bound to ferric iron or oxidized form of iron
Methemoglobin
64
Most common defect in hereditary spherocytosis
Ankyrin
65
Mutation in Sickle cell disease
Missense point mutation at the 6th position for the beta-chain: Glutamate à Valine
66
Mutation in hemoglobin C disease
Missense point mutation at the 6th position for the beta-chain: Glutamate à Ly-C-ine
67
What is the predominant hemoglobin if 4 alleles encoding alpha chains are deleted?
Hemoglobin Barts (contains 4 gamma globulins)
68
Alpha thalassemia - 1 missing allele
Silent carries ( Alpha thalassemia silent)
69
Alpha Thalassemia - 2 missing alleles
Alpha thalassemia trait
70
Alpha thalassemia - 3 missing alleles
Hemoglobin H disease
71
In hemoglobin H disease, 4 gamma chains
Hemoglobin barts
72
3 missing alleles with 4 beta chains
Hemoglobin H
73
In Alpha thalassemia, 4 missing alleles
Alpha thalassemia major
74
Chromosome involved in beta chain production of hemoglobin
Chromosome 11
75
What is the secondary structure of prion proteins seen in patients with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (prion diseases)?
Beta-pleated sheet
76
What is the secondary structure of the amyloid plaques of patients with Alzheimer disease?
Beta pleated sheet
77
This process is involved in the formation of hemoglobin A1c.
Glycation
78
Substance secreted by platelets that contributes to platelet aggregation (also implicated in pulmonary hypertension)
Serotonin
79
What are the key functions of the CYP450 enzyme system?
1) Drug and toxin metabolism, detoxification 2) Steroid hormone synthesis 3) Vitamin D and cholesterol metabolism
80
This type of bilirubin is insoluble in water (bound to albumin for transport), and usually increased in states of hemolysis
Un-conjugated bilirubin (in-direct bilirubin)
81
Hypertension, virilization. What is the type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia of the patient?
11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency

BIOCHEMISTRY (2 decks)

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