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1
Q

What is Purposive Communication?

A

It’s not JUST oral communication. It’s body language, eye contact, and the little signals that go on between people.

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2
Q

What are the elements of communication?

A

Sender, Message, Medium, Barrier, Receiver, Feedback.

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3
Q

What is communicative competence?

A

It includes sociolinguistic, discourse/pragmatic, and strategic competencies.

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4
Q

What does communication effectiveness depend on?

A

The ability of the sender and receiver to encode and decode the message, extent of similar codebooks, shared mental models, and the sender’s experience.

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5
Q

What is the definition of communication?

A

Process by which information is transmitted & understood between two or more people.

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6
Q

What is linguistic repertoire?

A

The range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and may appropriately use.

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7
Q

What are the three rhetorical appeals?

A

Pathos (Passion/Emotion), Logos (Logic), Ethos (Ethics).

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8
Q

What is the Aristotelian Model of Communication?

A

Speaker, Speech, Audience, Effect, Occasion.

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9
Q

What does Laswell’s Model (1948) ask?

A

Who says? What? Through what channel? To whom? With what effect?

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10
Q

What are the channels of communication?

A

Can either be Verbal or Nonverbal.

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11
Q

What is media richness?

A

Medium’s data carrying-capacity - the volume and variety of information that can be transmitted.

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12
Q

What are examples of more effective communication mediums?

A

Video Conferencing, Telephone, 2-Way Radio, Letters, E-Mail.

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13
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A

Includes Oculesics, Haptics, Proxemics, and Chronemics.

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14
Q

What can we lie about verbally?

A

We can lie VERBALLY, but not with NON VERBAL cues.

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15
Q

What is Osgood-Schramm’s Communication Model?

A

It involves fields of experience, encoder/decoder, and interpreter.

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16
Q

What is Barnlund’s model of communication?

A

It includes noise, feedback, and barriers/noise.

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17
Q

What are examples of barriers/noise in communication?

A

Language differences, ambiguity of language, information overload, and jargon.

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18
Q

What is the communication model by Wood, Adler, and Towne?

A

It includes communicator, message, and feedback.

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19
Q

What is Purposive Communication?

A

Purposive Communication challenges the communicator to strategically use a language that is understood, familiar, and accepted in a context to communicate specific intentions.

Failure to consider context can lead to communication breakdown.

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20
Q

Why do languages vary?

A

Languages vary due to different speech communities, globalization, colonization, diversity, and diaspora.

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21
Q

What is Sociolinguistics?

A

Sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of language and attempts to find correlations between social structure and linguistic structure.

Most productive studies have focused on the social evaluation of linguistic variants (Chambers, 2002).

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22
Q

What is a Speech Community?

A

A speech community is a group of people who interact by means of speech and share rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech.

Definitions vary by Bloomfield (1926), Hymes (1967), and Gumperz (1968).

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23
Q

What is the S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Framework?

A

The S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G Framework includes Setting, Participants, Ends, Act Sequence, Keys, Genre, Idiolect, Style, and Register.

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24
Q

What is Idiolect?

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A

Idiolect refers to the personal dialect of each individual speaker of a language.

25
What is Style in language?
Style is the variation in speech from formal to informal, depending on the listener and situation.
26
What is Jargon?
Jargon is the language used among people who have a special activity or group.
27
What are Language Registers?
Language registers are variations in language depending on the social situation and the cultures involved.
28
What are the different types of Language Registers?
Types of Language Registers include Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual, and Intimate.
29
What factors contribute to linguistic varieties?
Factors include globalization, diaspora, ICT & media, and gender.
30
What is Globalization in the context of language?
Globalization refers to the worldwide integration of humanity, increasing economic, political, and cultural integration.
31
What is a Diaspora?
A diaspora is a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic locale.
32
How does culture affect communication?
Different cultures interpret silence and conversational overlaps differently, affecting communication styles.
33
What is the role of silence in communication across cultures?
Silence is a form of communication, but its use and meaning vary by culture.
34
What percentage of conversation time do silence and pauses represent between Japanese doctors and patients?
Silence and pauses represent 30 percent of conversation time.
35
What percentage of conversation time do silence and pauses represent between American doctors and patients?
Silence and pauses represent only 8 percent of conversation time.
36
What does silence signify among Japanese speakers?
Silence signifies respect and indicates that the listener is thoughtfully contemplating what has just been said.
37
What is Multimodality?
Multimodality involves the complex interweaving of word, image, gesture and movement, and sound, including speech.
38
What is multimodal?
Multimodal is defined as the strategic use of 'two or more communication modes' to make meaning.
39
When is a text considered multimodal?
A text is considered multimodal when it combines two or more communication modes to convey or make meaning.
40
What are communication modes?
Communication modes are various methods used to convey meaning.
41
What does linguistic communication mode include?
Linguistic communication mode includes vocabulary, structure, and grammar of oral/written language.
42
How is written meaning conveyed?
Written meaning is conveyed through written language via handwriting, the printed page, and the screen.
43
What are the modes of communication?
The modes of communication include spoken (oral) meaning and visual meaning.
44
What is spoken (oral) meaning?
Spoken (oral) meaning is conveyed through spoken language via live or recorded speech and can be monologic or dialogic.
45
What factors are involved in composing oral meaning?
Composing oral meaning includes choices around mood, emotion, emphasis, fluency, speed, volume, tempo, pitch, rhythm, pronunciation, intonation, and dialect.
46
What is visual meaning?
Visual meaning is conveyed through choices of visual resources and includes both still image and moving images.
47
What are some visual resources used in visual meaning?
Visual resources include framing, vectors, symbols, perspective, gaze, point of view, colour, texture, line, shape, casting, saliency, distance, angles, form, contrast, lighting, and naturalistic/non-naturalistic elements.
48
What is audio in communication?
Conveyed through sound, including choices of music, ambient sounds, noises, alerts, silence, natural/unnatural sounds, and use of volume, beat, tempo, pitch, and rhythm, sound effects.
49
What does gestural communication involve?
Conveyed through choices of body movement; facial expression, eye movements and gaze, demeanor, gait, dance, acting, action sequences. It also includes use of rhythm, speed, stillness and angles.
50
What additional elements are included in gestural communication?
Includes timing, frequency, ceremony and ritual. ## Footnote (Cope and Kalantzis, 2009. р. 362)
51
What conveys spatial meaning?
Spatial meaning is conveyed through the design of spaces, using choices of spatial resources including scale, proximity, boundaries, direction, layout, and organization of objects in the space.
52
What are examples of spaces that can convey spatial meaning?
Examples include the design of a page in a book, a page in a graphic novel or comic, a webpage on the screen, framing of shots in moving images, the design of a room, architecture, streetscapes, and landscapes.
53
What are paper-based multimodal texts?
Paper-based multimodal texts include picture books, text books, graphic novels, comics, and posters.
54
What are live multimodal texts?
Live multimodal texts include dance, performance, and oral storytelling.
55
How do live multimodal texts convey meaning?
They convey meaning through combinations of various modes such as gestural, spatial, audio, and oral language.
56
What are digital multimodal texts?
Digital multimodal texts include film, animation, slide shows, e-posters, digital stories, podcasts, and web pages.
57
What are examples of simple multimodal texts?
Examples of simple multimodal texts include comics/graphic novels, picture books, newspapers, brochures, print advertisements, posters, storyboards, digital slide presentations (e.g. PowerPoint), e-posters, e-books, and social media.
58
What are examples of complex digital multimodal texts?
Live action films, animations, digital stories, web pages, book trailers, documentaries, music videos.
59
Why is teaching multimodal literacy important?
Students need to learn how authors juggle different modes to determine the most appropriate way to tell their story, and how meaning in a multimodal text is 'orchestrated' through the selection and use of different modes in various combinations. ## Footnote (Jewitt, 2009. p.15)

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