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1
Q

What is the primary factor in treatment planning for patients with special needs?

A

Treatment planning is established personally according to communication possibilities and possibilities to perform oral hygiene at home.

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2
Q

What are the three functioning levels of patients with special needs?

A
  • High functioning level – self care group
  • Moderate functioning level – partial-care group
  • Low functioning level – total-care group
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3
Q

Define Down syndrome.

A

Down syndrome is a congenital autosomal anomaly (trisomy 21) characterized by generalized growth and mental deficiency.

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4
Q

List some oral manifestations of Down syndrome.

A
  • Underdeveloped maxilla
  • Delayed eruption of teeth
  • Abnormal sequence of teeth eruption
  • Congenitally missing teeth
  • Enamel and dentine hypomineralization
  • Microdontia or/and hypoplasia
  • Fissured tongue
  • Cracked and dry lips
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5
Q

True or False: Patients with Down syndrome often require antibiotic premedication before dental procedures.

A

True

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)?

A

ASDs impair communication, social, behavioral, and intellectual functioning.

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7
Q

What are the oral manifestations associated with autism spectrum disorders?

A
  • Elevated caries risk
  • Periodontal disease
  • Gingival overgrowth
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8
Q

What is a recommended approach for dental management of patients with autism?

A

The dental environment should be familiar, and a pre-visit meeting is recommended to prepare the family.

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9
Q

Define cerebral palsy.

A

Cerebral palsy is a term used to describe a group of disorders of movement, muscle tone, or other features that reflect abnormal control over motor function by the central nervous system.

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10
Q

What are some oral manifestations of cerebral palsy?

A
  • Increased risk for developmental enamel defects
  • Bruxism
  • Malocclusion
  • Higher incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease
  • Drooling
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11
Q

What is the recommended dental management for patients with visual impairment?

A

Use a ‘tell, feel, do’ technique to demonstrate ongoing procedures and provide dark glasses to avoid glare.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: The proper removal of dental plaque and prevention of oral diseases is the main goal for patients with _______.

A

[special needs]

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13
Q

What is the recommended technique for tooth brushing in patients with special needs?

A

Use a soft-bristle toothbrush with a head size appropriate for the patient’s mouth.

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14
Q

What is the significance of personalized dental management for patients with auditory deficits?

A

The dentist, assistant, and parent should remain within the child’s field of vision during treatment.

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15
Q

List some severe systemic diseases in children that require special dental management.

A
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Endocrine diseases
  • Gastrointestinal diseases
  • Bleeding disorders
  • Renal failure
  • Liver diseases
  • Neurological disorders
  • AIDS
  • Malignant neoplasm
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16
Q

What is the clinical consideration for children with cardiovascular diseases during dental management?

A

Patients may experience easy fatigue, dyspnea, and a higher risk of respiratory tract infections.

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17
Q

What is the recommended dosage of Amoxicillin for dental procedures in children with cardiovascular diseases?

A

50 mg/kg single dose 30 to 60 minutes before the procedure.

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18
Q

True or False: Patients with respiratory diseases are more prone to dental caries and gingivitis.

A

True

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19
Q

What are some preventive dental treatments necessary for patients with special needs?

A
  • Oral hygiene education
  • Dietary counselling
  • Frequent recall appointments
  • Topical fluoride applications
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20
Q

What type of toothbrush is recommended for patients who can hold but cannot manipulate a toothbrush?

A

A specially designed toothbrush with a lengthened handle.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: Water flossing is significantly more effective than _______.

Study These Flashcards
A

[interdental brush]

22
Q

What is the recommended oral dose of medication before a procedure?

Study These Flashcards
A

15 mg/kg single dose 30 to 60 min before procedure

23
Q

What is asthma?

Study These Flashcards
A

A chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by an increased responsiveness of the airway to various stimuli

24
Q

What are common oral manifestations of asthma?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Dental caries
  • Gingivitis
  • Calculus
  • Enamel erosion
  • Xerostomia
  • Candidiasis
25
What dental management is recommended for asthma patients?
* Recent dose of medication should be taken * Patients need to bring medical inhalers * Preventative use of inhalers in chronic moderate or severe disease * Stress-free oral care environment * Anesthetic agent should be without vasoconstrictor
26
What should be avoided in asthma dental management?
* Prolonged supine positioning * Aspirin-containing medications or other NSAIDs
27
What is tuberculosis?
An airborne communicable disease primarily affecting the lungs, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
28
What are oral manifestations of tuberculosis?
* Deep, painful ulcers of the tongue * Lesions on palate, buccal mucosa, lips, gingiva * Enlargement of submental and cervical lymph nodes * Bleeding gingiva * Prolonged healing of wounds
29
What dental management is required for patients with active tuberculosis?
Treatment should be conducted in a hospital setting
30
What is diabetes mellitus?
A group of disorders characterized by relative or absolute lack of insulin or improperly functioning insulin
31
What are common oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus?
* Xerostomia * Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal) * Delayed wound healing * High caries prevalence * Gingivitis * Periodontal diseases
32
What dental management is recommended for diabetes mellitus patients?
* Schedule morning appointments * Advise breakfast before appointments * Medications taken before dental appointment * Minimize anxiety and stress * Treat uncontrolled diabetes in a hospital * Prophylactic antibiotics recommended for uncontrolled diabetes * Source of glucose or insulin available in the dental office
33
What are oral manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases?
* Enamel erosion * Gingival bleeding * Gingival ulceration * Xerostomia
34
What dental management is recommended for patients with gastrointestinal diseases?
* Rinse oral cavity with water frequently * Reduce acidic beverages and snacks * Avoid adverse drug interactions * Maintain proper oral hygiene
35
What are common bleeding disorders?
* Hemophilia A * Hemophilia B * Von Willebrand disease * Thrombocytopenia
36
What are oral manifestations of bleeding disorders?
* Spontaneous gingival bleeding * Petechiae in oral mucosa * Ulcers
37
What dental management is recommended for bleeding disorder patients?
* Regular check-ups * Prevent accidental damage to oral mucosa * Avoid nerve-block anesthesia * Replacement therapy may be necessary * Extensive treatment may require general anesthesia * Avoid prescribing aspirin and its derivatives
38
What are oral manifestations of chronic renal disease?
* Pale oral mucosa * Delayed skeletal maturation * Enamel developmental defects * Candidiasis * Altered taste sensation * Xerostomia * Uremic stomatitis * Ecchymosis, petechiae in oral cavity
39
What dental management is recommended for patients with chronic renal disease?
* Blood pressure monitoring * Coagulation tests before dental treatment * Atraumatic oral surgery * Avoid nephrotoxic drugs * Dental procedures for hemodialysis patients should be performed post-dialysis
40
What are common oral manifestations of liver diseases?
* Jaundice * Bleeding disorders * Enamel hypoplasia * Tooth discoloration
41
What dental management is recommended for liver disease patients?
* Emergency dental treatment in hospital for acute-phase hepatitis * Caution with liver-metabolized drugs * Follow aseptic technique * Minimize aerosol production
42
What is epilepsy?
A symptom or group of symptoms of disordered function of the central nervous system characterized by recurrent involuntary loss of consciousness
43
What are oral manifestations related to epilepsy?
* No direct oral changes from epilepsy * Effects from anticonvulsant therapy * Dentofacial traumatic injuries * Gingival hyperplasia * Gingival bleeding
44
What dental management is recommended for epilepsy patients?
* Accurate health history collection * Rigorous plaque control * Schedule appointments when seizures are less likely * Use colored glasses to minimize light triggers * Sedative medication may be required * Emergency measures for prolonged seizures
45
What are oral manifestations of AIDS?
* Oral candidiasis * Angular cheilitis * Periodontal diseases * Dental caries * Viral infections
46
What dental management is recommended for patients with AIDS?
* Individual dental treatment planning * Treat asymptomatic patients like any other * Avoid medications causing liver function alteration * Urgent treatment for pain and infection in advanced cases
47
What are characteristics of leukemias?
Malignant neoplasias of immature white blood cells with abnormally large numbers of specific leucocytes
48
What are oral manifestations of leukemia?
* Leukaemic gingival enlargement * Spontaneous gingival bleeding * Oral mucositis * Xerostomia
49
What dental management is recommended for leukemia patients before chemotherapy?
* Preventive dental treatment * Treat uncomplicated caries * Extract teeth with poor prognosis * Mouth rinsing with Nystatin for Candida
50
What should be avoided in dental management for leukemia patients after chemotherapy?
* Extractions should be avoided for at least 1 year

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