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Question 1

What is the aim of punishment in the criminal justice system?

Answer 1

To manage behavior and address crimes committed by individuals.

This includes retribution, rehabilitation, deterrence, public protection, reparation, and denunciation.

Question 2

Define social control in relation to crime.

Answer 2

The idea of managing people’s behavior through societal methods.

It implies a lack of free will in individuals regarding their criminal actions.

Question 3

List the aims of sentencing from the Criminal Justice Act 2003.

Answer 3

• Retribution
• Rehabilitation
• Deterrence (Individual + General)
• Public protection
• Reparation
• Denunciation

Question 4

What is retribution in the context of punishment?

Answer 4

The idea that criminals should be punished in proportion to the severity of their crime.

Question 5

Give an example of a retribution-based punishment.

Answer 5

Whole life order for murder.

Question 6

What does deterrence aim to achieve?

Answer 6

To prevent reoffending by specific individuals (individual deterrence) and to deter the general public from committing crimes (general deterrence).

Question 7

True or False: Individual deterrence aims to prevent a specific offender from reoffending.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is denunciation in the context of punishment?

Answer 8

Public condemnation to express society’s disapproval of crimes.

Question 9

What is the purpose of rehabilitation?

Answer 9

To re-educate and prepare criminals to reenter society.

Question 10

Fill in the blank: The process of re-educating criminals is known as _______.

Answer 10

[rehabilitation]

Question 11

What does reparation entail?

Answer 11

Paying back for the harm caused by the crime.

Question 12

What is the role of the Probation Service?

Answer 12

To assess risks, help reduce causes of offending, and support offenders in reintegration into society.

Question 13

What is a determinate sentence?

Answer 13

A sentence with a known release date, typically half spent in prison and half on license.

Question 14

What are indeterminate sentences?

Answer 14

Sentences with an unknown release date, which creates uncertainty for offenders.

Question 15

What is the function of the Parole Board?

Answer 15

To carry out risk assessments on prisoners to determine if they can be safely released into the community.

Question 16

True or False: Fines are typically used for serious offences.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What percentage of offenders received a fine in 2022?

Answer 17

Approximately 75% of all offenders.

Question 18

What is a conditional discharge?

Answer 18

A discharge where the offender may face sentencing for the original crime if they commit another offence.

Question 19

What are community punishments?

Answer 19

Punishments where offenders carry out activities within the community, such as unpaid work or treatment programs.

Question 20

What is the aim of community sentences?

Answer 20

To rehabilitate offenders while ensuring they contribute positively to the community.

Question 21

List some examples of community punishments.

Answer 21

• Unpaid work
• Treatment programs
• Curfews
• Restorative justice

Question 22

Assess whether community punishments meet the aim of rehabilitation.

Answer 22

Partially met as they provide opportunities for education and skills development, but may not ensure complete rehabilitation.

Question 23

What is the aim of community punishments in relation to rehabilitation?

Answer 23

To provide offenders with opportunities to improve their education and skills, thus preventing reoffending.

Question 24

What percentage of offenders who go through restorative justice are unlikely to reoffend?

Answer 24

14%

Question 25

What was the reoffending rate for community sentences in 2014?

Answer 25

34%

Question 26

What was the reoffending rate for imprisonment in 2014?

Answer 26

49%

Question 27

Define social control.

Answer 27

Strategies in place to change behaviour, persuading individuals to conform and obey rules to prevent deviant behaviour.

Question 28

List three agents of social control.

Answer 28

* Family * Work * Schools + Colleges

Question 29

What is coercion?

Answer 29

The threat or use of force to make someone do or stop doing something.

Question 30

How does fear of punishment act as a form of social control?

Answer 30

It serves as a deterrent against criminal behaviour.

Question 31

What are the two main types of social control?

Answer 31

* Internal Forms * External Forms

Question 32

What is the role of internalisation in social control?

Answer 32

Learning the difference between right and wrong through socialisation.

Question 33

What is the main idea behind control theory?

Answer 33

It explains the reasons for abiding by the law through inner and outer forces of containment.

Question 34

List the four elements of Hirschi's social control theory.

Answer 34

* Attachment * Commitment * Involvement * Belief

Question 35

What is the significance of 'attachment' in Hirschi's theory?

Answer 35

It refers to the emotional ties we feel towards others, influencing our behaviour.

Question 36

How do traditions act as a form of social control?

Answer 36

They establish norms within families that discourage criminal behaviour.

Question 37

What is the 'superego' in psychodynamic theory?

Answer 37

It follows rules and represents the moral conscience.

Question 38

True or False: Women commit fewer crimes because they experience greater control.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Fill in the blank: Coercion involves _____ or use of force to make someone comply.

Answer 39

[threat]

Question 40

What is the primary reason young people commit more crimes according to social control theory?

Answer 40

They have less commitment to family and more spare time.

Question 41

What is the relationship between criminality and the unconscious mind?

Answer 41

Criminality is linked to the unconscious mind, which controls behaviour.

Question 42

How does the legal system serve as a form of social control?

Answer 42

It enforces laws and imposes penalties for criminal behaviour.

Question 43

Explain the concept of rational ideology as a form of social control.

Answer 43

It is an idea or belief that guides individuals to follow laws, influenced by feelings of guilt and morality.

Question 44

What role does the family play in socialisation?

Answer 44

Families teach norms of behaviour and influence moral development.

Question 45

What are inner forces of containment according to Reckless?

Answer 45

Self-control stemming from moral and religious beliefs.

Question 46

What are outer forces of containment according to Reckless?

Answer 46

Family members, teachers, and others who influence behaviour.

Question 47

List two examples of external forms of social control.

Answer 47

* Police officers * Legal system

Question 48

How can community service act as a form of punishment?

Answer 48

It serves to rehabilitate offenders while holding them accountable for their actions.

Question 49

What does operant conditioning suggest about behaviour and punishment?

Answer 49

Negative reinforcement encourages avoidance of bad behaviour to escape punishment.

Question 50

Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for deciding on charging and prosecution.

Answer 50

[Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)]

Question 51

What is the primary focus of education and skill programs in community punishment?

Answer 51

To enhance employability and reduce future crime.

Question 52

What is the significance of a criminal record as a form of social control?

Answer 52

It serves as a deterrent for future criminal behaviour.