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Question 1

What is health psychology devoted to understanding?

Answer 1

The psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why people become ill, and how people respond when they get ill.

Answer: d

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT one of the four focus areas of health psychology?

Answer 2

Diagnosing psychological disorders.

Answer: d

Question 3

Designing a media campaign to improve diets falls under which focus area of health psychology?

Answer 3

Maintaining and promoting health.

Answer: c

Question 4

Teaching stress management to people in high-stress occupations is an example of which focus area of health psychology?

Answer 4

Preventing illness.

Answer: c

Question 5

Helping people follow their treatment regimen relates to which focus area of health psychology?

Answer 5

Treating illness.

Answer: c

Question 6

Why do we need health psychology?

Answer 6

To help people change health-compromising behaviors.

Answer: b

Question 7

Helping people adjust to changes that come with disease is a role of health psychologists in what?

Answer 7

Disease management.

Answer: c

Question 8

How is health defined according to the sources?

Answer 8

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Answer: d

Question 9

In ancient times, disease was initially thought to be due to what?

Answer 9

Evil spirits.

Answer: c

Question 10

The Greek humoral theory of illness identified the role of which factors?

Answer 10

Bodily factors.

Answer: b

Question 11

According to the humoral theory, disease resulted from what?

Answer 11

An imbalance of four humors.

Answer: b

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the four humors identified in the humoral theory?

Answer 12

Mucus.

Answer: c

Question 13

In the humoral theory, a passionate temperament was associated with an excess of what?

Answer 13

Blood.

Answer: c

Question 14

What type of explanations for illness were primarily used during the Middle Ages?

Answer 14

Supernatural.

Answer: c

Question 15

During the Middle Ages, disease was thought to be a punishment from whom?

Answer 15

God for evildoing.

Answer: c

Question 16

During the Middle Ages, the authority that governed medical knowledge was the what?

Answer 16

Church.

Answer: c

Question 17

A significant shift in understanding illness during the Renaissance involved a focus on what?

Answer 17

Laboratory findings and bodily factors.

Answer: b

Question 18

Psychosomatic medicine emphasizes the link between what?

Answer 18

Mind and body.

Answer: b

Question 19

Sigmund Freud’s concept of conversion disorder suggested that unconscious conflicts could manifest as what?

Answer 19

Physical symptoms without biological pathology.

Answer: b

Question 20

What does the current mind-body perspective on health and illness posit?

Answer 20

The mind and body cannot be separated in matters of health and illness.

Answer: c

Question 21

Which model explains illness as being due to biology ONLY?

Answer 21

Biomedical model.

Answer: c

Question 22

The biomedical model assumes what?

Answer 22

Mind-body dualism.

Answer: c

Question 23

The biopsychosocial model incorporates which factors in understanding illness?

Answer 23

Biological, psychological, and social factors.

Answer: d

Question 24

In the biopsychosocial model, which is considered a psychological factor?

Answer 24

Beliefs and expectations.

Answer: c

Question 25

In the biopsychosocial model, interpersonal relationships are considered which type of factor?

Answer 25

Sociological. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 26

A key advantage of the biopsychosocial model is that it emphasizes what?

Answer 26

Both illness and health. ## Footnote Answer: b

Question 27

A disadvantage of the biomedical model is that it reduces illness to what?

Answer 27

Low-level processes such as disordered cells. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 28

The biopsychosocial model utilizes a systems theory approach, meaning what?

Answer 28

All systems are related and affect each other. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 29

In diagnosis, the biopsychosocial model can help understand the interaction between what?

Answer 29

Biology, social, and psychological factors. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 30

Treatment approaches based on the biopsychosocial model may focus on what?

Answer 30

Biological, social, and psychological factors. ## Footnote Answer: d

Question 31

In experiments, creating conditions that differ in predetermined ways involves what?

Answer 31

Manipulation of the independent variable. ## Footnote Answer: b

Question 32

In an experiment, the variable that is measured and expected to depend on the manipulated variable is called what?

Answer 32

Dependent variable. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 33

The process of randomly assigning participants to different conditions in an experiment is known as what?

Answer 33

Randomization. ## Footnote Answer: d

Question 34

Variables other than the independent variable that could affect the dependent variable are called what?

Answer 34

Extraneous variables. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 35

Correlational studies aim to do what?

Answer 35

Demonstrate the existence of a relationship between two or more variables as they exist naturally. ## Footnote Answer: b

Question 36

A disadvantage of correlational studies is the impossibility to determine what?

Answer 36

The direction of causality. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 37

If a researcher finds a negative correlation between stress levels and immune function, it means what?

Answer 37

As stress levels increase, immune function tends to decrease. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 38

A correlation coefficient (r) of +0.75 indicates what?

Answer 38

Strong positive relationship. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 39

A correlational study cannot establish cause and effect due to the possibility of what?

Answer 39

The third variable problem. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 40

Prospective designs involve what?

Answer 40

Looking forward in time to see how a group changes. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 41

Retrospective designs attempt to do what?

Answer 41

Reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 42

Studying the frequency, distribution, and causes of diseases in a population is the focus of what?

Answer 42

Epidemiology. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 43

The number of new cases of a disease at a given point in time is referred to as what?

Answer 43

Incidence. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 44

The total number of cases of a disease at a given point in time is referred to as what?

Answer 44

Prevalence. ## Footnote Answer: d

Question 45

The number of deaths due to particular causes is known as what?

Answer 45

Mortality. ## Footnote Answer: c

Question 46

Information about morbidity and mortality helps to do what?

Answer 46

Identify major causes of death and inform prevention efforts. ## Footnote Answer: c