1 Flashcards
(920 cards)
1
Q
should be deliberate or international and should involve careful, organized and systematic logical thinking and planning
A
design
2
Q
means to make something out of nothing
A
Creativity
3
Q
will be helpful in activating and stimulating the creativity of a designer
A
creative problem-solving technique
4
Q
free association and gives no restriction to imagination ; quantity before quality
A
intuitive technique
5
Q
approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind
A
brainstorming
6
Q
developed from experience with brainstorming session aimed at increasing the output from brainstorming
A
brainwriting
7
Q
having 26 or more ideas ; listing all the letters of the alphabet
A
Alphabetical listing
8
Q
combine different , seemingly unrelated elements
A
syntectics
9
Q
riddle-like or puzzle like technique
A
Delphi Method
10
Q
make it worse; this process may increase your awareness eough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
A
Inversion
11
Q
associate it with something else, preferably something familiar
A
Description be association
12
Q
principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one
A
logical systematic technique
13
Q
redefines the problem first to an underlying more basic problem
A
morphology
14
Q
does not aim at simulating the creative idea but systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature
A
bionics
15
Q
Instead of thinking about what an object will look like, think about what function it will perform
A
Functional Visualization
16
Q
higher level of success ; split up into more and more minute sub problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems
A
problem area analysis and functional analysis
17
Q
make use of the basic “outline of the furniture” as a “grid “
A
Structural form development
18
Q
Makes use of previous designs as a basis for improvements
A
morphological form development
19
Q
Variations on “geometric forms” - size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number or arrangement can spark new ideas.
A
geometric form development
20
Q
Nature often provides inspiration for fresh and exciting ideas.
A
form development based on nature
21
Q
Design ideas can be based on various sources other than nature.
A
Form development based from various sources
22
Q
craftspeople, high aesthetic standards; anti-industrial reaction
A
arts and crafts
23
Q
innocuous style ; use of simplified shapes ; mix of soft and smooth textures
A
classic & contemporary
24
Q
combination of old and new ideas ; influenced by nature , futuristic style & cutting edge aesthetic
A
contemporary
25
cozy & quaint ; distressed wood; antiques ; old barn or farm house vibe
country
26
most difficult decor to describe ; matching a myriads of styles; incorporating vintage & vibrant colors
eclectic
27
1900's with beautiful movement ; form and function
modern
28
locally found materials ; sculptural beauty, contrasting textures and whimsical shapes
rustic
29
also known as cottage style; originating from britain ; relies on flea market ; soft relaxed , feminine ; romantic way of decorating
shabby chic
30
regal furnishings , classic and exudes an ageless feel
traditional
31
offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture ; livable soft appeal ; lack of ornamentation and decoration
transitional
32
measuring and making straight lines
rules
33
testing right angles for marking
squares
34
A combination marking and measuring device.
marking gauge
35
measures diameters
calipers
36
for cutting across the grain
crosscut saw
37
for cutting along the grain or ripping
rip saw
38
for making wood surfaces smooth and flat
hand plane
39
Used by old blacksmith and wagon maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheel.
spoke shave
40
for smoothing curves usually on edges of stock
files
41
For fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges
chisels
42
Used for boring holes 1/4" and larger.
Augerbrace and Bit
43
The brace is also used with other tools such as counter sinks and screwdriver bits
44
Used for drilling small holes, usually not larger than 1/4"
hand drill
45
Screwdriver that has a flat tip.
standard screwdriver
46
has an x shaped tip ; used for security screws
Philips screwdriver
47
relies on pushing force rather than a twisting force
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
48
cutting line curves ; stock up approximately an inch in thickness ; also called scroll saw
jig saw
49
endless blade travelling around two pulleys
band saw
50
circular tooth blade ; crosscutting , ripping , mitering, chamfering , rabbeting , tampering, dadoing and shaping ; bench or table saw
circular saw
51
A cutting machine consisting of a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm; suspended above the table blade can be raised , lowered turned and tilled
Radial Arm Saw
52
designed for cutting line curves
planer
53
Machine in which wood is shaped into round cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps and table legs.
wood lathe
54
accurate drilling of holes ; for boring or routing , shaping and countersinking
Drill Press
55
cutting shaped edges , molding picture frame stock
spindle shaper
56
Many types of power sanders: Disc, belt, drum, spindle and sheet
sanding machine
57
Designed primarily for drilling and boring. But with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.
electric drill
58
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved
Electric Handsaw
59
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
wood
60
From conifers, evergreen trees (keep their needles throughout the year)
softwood
61
e.g. Pine, Cedar
62
Deciduous. Trees have broad leaves, which they usually lose in the fall. Ex: Birch, Cherry, Oak and Maple.
Hardwoods
63
the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue.
sap wood
64
the innermost part of a tree made up of old dried-up layers of xylem
heart wood
65
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying
checks
66
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth; extensive splitting in weak links
shakes
67
these are in effect the basal stumps of incipient or cast of branches; irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain
knots
68
know as resin pockets ; can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
pitchpockets
69
this is lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
wane
70
caused by attack of fungi
decay
71
synonymous term for distortion; Any variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board. ; bow, crook, kink, cup and twist
warping
72
most common method because it produces the highest quantity of lumber; lumber cut tangent to the annual rings. rings at an angle 0 to 45 degrees ;
Plainsawing
73
created by gang sawing ; shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges; wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel rays ; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 - 90 degrees
quarter sawing
74
wood is cut at 30 to 60 angle to the center of the timber; similar to quartersawn
rift sawing
75
Lumber less than 2" thick and less than 8" wide
strips
76
Wood suitable for use as a building material
timber
77
the timber manufactured by sawing , re sawing , passing lengthwise through a planning machine , cross cutting to length and grading
lumber
78
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
dressed lumber
79
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed, but not surfaced.
rough lumber
80
describing wood that is seasoned in a chamber using artificial heat
Kiln Dried
81
Pieces less than 2" thick and at least 8" wide; graded for appearance rather than strength; usually used for sidings and flooring
board lumber
82
wide pieces of lumber 2" to 5" thick. Used for stairs, floor girders,girts and trusses.
planks
83
pieces more than 2" and less than 5" in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall framing
dimension lumber
84
Pieces 5" or more on the smallest dimension
timbers
85
The size of lumber when it is cut from the log
Nominal Size
86
Finished size of lumber
actual size
87
The process of removing moisture from green wood
seasoning
88
drying wood in specific open-air conditions
Air drying
89
Most expensive, used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings
narra
90
hard wood used for posts and girders or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to the weather
Yakal and Guijo
91
Softwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture.
Pine Benguet
92
Philippine Mahogany; The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
Tanguile and Apitong
93
For framings, chests, jewel boxes
White and Red Lauan
94
Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
Kamagong
95
used for panelings and plywood veneer
Dao
96
Similar to pine, for paneling
Almaciga
97
wood used in making the santos
batikuling
98
flooring , stair riser
batis
99
grayish brown to reddish brown ; large open pores ; durable under exposure , great wear resstance
oak
100
Creamy white to light reddish-brown;bird's eye pattern; frequently straight-grained and tiny wood pores; heavy, hard, strong and stiff ; good shock resistance
maple
101
Light gray brown to dark purple brown. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff, good shock resistance
walnut
102
cream color to light reddish brown . visible resin canals and obvious growth rings. moderately light , soft and stiff ; good shock resistance
pine
103
Creamy white to light reddish-brown; extremely small pores
birch
104
Light to dark reddish-brown; straight grain and small individual pores
cherry
105
The grayish through creamy white through to a reddish dark brown ; distinct straight grains and open pores
ash
106
yellowish brown through reddish brown to dark red ; highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores; extremely stable , moderately hard , even textured and heavy
mahogany
107
Very light brown HARDWOOD. distinct STRAIGHT GRAIN And open pores. Turns well and is easily worked; commonly used as BENTWOOD.
beech
108
Light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge; even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores; medium to light weight only moderately hard , stiff and shock resistant
poplar
109
Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut.
teak
110
Creamy white to reddish brown, occasional dark streaks and large wood pores; Very heavy, closed-grain, hard and strong.
pecan
111
Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries; good shock resistance and excellent bending qualities
elm
112
light brown to dark brown to dark purple ; conspicuous dark streaks ; large open wood pores ; extremely course texture
Rosewood
113
creamy white to yellowish with obvious differences between spring and summer growth rings. pronounced resin canal and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish
fir
114
deep reddish-brown with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings.; moderately hard and marginally shock resistant
redwood
115
light red with colored streaks running throughout ; knotty pattern and other natural markings are present ; HIGHLY AROMATIC & moderately hard though brittle
cedar
116
pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores; fine textured and good shock resistance
Sycamore
117
pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores ; soft to medium texture ; only moderate shock resistance
butternut
118
creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood ; light weight moderately stiff; very weak and low resistance to shock
Bass wood
119
commonly called air drying or sun drying ; allow air to circulate around every piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly
natural drying
120
a piece of lumber 12 inches wide and 1" thick and 1' long . refers to the nominal size of a lumber .
board foot
121
a type of grain structure with fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree
straight grain
122
a type of grain structure that are in successive layers and in opposite direction
inter-locked grain
123
a type of grain structure that is constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears wavy
wavy or curly grain
124
straight grained log is not sawn along its verical axis
diagonal grain
125
result of grain when trees grow twisted
spiral grain
126
fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log's vertical axis
irregular grain
127
when wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
plain/tangential or flat grain
128
when board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
quarter or radial grain
129
when board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
end grain
130
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods, and these boards show mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
live saw
131
small knots 1/2" or under often caused by the shedding of early branches
pin knots
132
commonly known as slash knots ; difficult to plane up
spike or splay knots
133
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood
encased knots
134
two or three knots springing from a common center
branched knots
135
the log splits from the plight or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.
radial shakes
136
project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and are, as their name implies, the result of severe weather
frost shakes
137
the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summer wood, either during seasoning to through shearing stresses int the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds , intense heat etc.
tangential shakes
138
failures caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing while the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes
cross shakes
139
repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
Pitch flecks
140
patches of ingrowing bark
rind galls
141
Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood, but on occasions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood, and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in Rio rosewood; wood usually separates and breaks away along the ring during conversion
internal sapwood
142
not usually classified as defects as they ay enhance the value of the timber considerably; they are, however, true defects
Burls/Burrs
143
tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth
callus
144
caused by fungoid disease
canker
145
a partially heated fire scar
catface
146
the shrinking and drying of wood , creating internal strains and stresses
artificial defects
147
the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect piling
cupping
148
plank is curved like a bow
bowing
149
Sometimes known as "edge bend", the wood remains flat hut bends edgewise on its own plane.
springing
150
the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved ; usually known as in winding
twisting
151
butt end of the plank splits open usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split
end splitting
152
wood surface covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun
sun checking
153
surface of wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface
flaking
154
grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis , usually due to incorrect sawing
diagonal grain
155
dry outer layers are in tension, and the moist interior compression
case hardening
156
severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers, not visible from the outside
honeycombing
158
the flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water
collapse
160
applied to wood for its protection and to enhance grain structure or alter its wood application
wood finishes
162
a coating that emphasizes and enhances the charm of natural wood color and grain
transparent
164
soak into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
penetrating finishes
166
seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
surface coating
168
resin dissolved in ethyl alcohol ; forms a high - gloss film ; ________ = resin + ethyl alcohol
clear lacquer
170
from various gums and resins dissolved in oil or alcohol ; forms hard, tough and elastic finish ; _______ = resins + oil
varnish
171
a varnish made from plants, insects and vegetable matter
natural
172
from esterified glycerine
synthetic
173
a spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol ; _______ = lac flakes + denatured alcohol
shellac
174
resinous secretion of the female lac insect
lac
176
Can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
oil stain finish
177
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; superior resistance to chipping, abrasion and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids alkalis hot and cold water
polyurethane finish
179
achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; varies greatly in hardness and durability
wax or films
180
design
should be deliberate or international and should involve careful, organized and systematic logical thinking and planning
181
Creativity
means to make something out of nothing
182
creative problem-solving technique
will be helpful in activating and stimulating the creativity of a designer
183
intuitive technique
free association and gives no restriction to imagination ; quantity before quality
184
brainstorming
approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind
185
brainwriting
developed from experience with brainstorming session aimed at increasing the output from brainstorming
186
Alphabetical listing
having 26 or more ideas ; listing all the letters of the alphabet
187
syntectics
combine different , seemingly unrelated elements
188
Delphi Method
riddle-like or puzzle like technique
189
Inversion
make it worse; this process may increase your awareness eough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
190
Description be association
associate it with something else, preferably something familiar
191
logical systematic technique
principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one
192
morphology
redefines the problem first to an underlying more basic problem
193
bionics
does not aim at simulating the creative idea but systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature
194
Functional Visualization
Instead of thinking about what an object will look like, think about what function it will perform
195
problem area analysis and functional analysis
higher level of success ; split up into more and more minute sub problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems
196
Structural form development
make use of the basic "outline of the furniture" as a "grid "
197
morphological form development
Makes use of previous designs as a basis for improvements
198
geometric form development
Variations on "geometric forms" - size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number or arrangement can spark new ideas.
199
form development based on nature
Nature often provides inspiration for fresh and exciting ideas.
200
Form development based from various sources
Design ideas can be based on various sources other than nature.
201
arts and crafts
craftspeople, high aesthetic standards; anti-industrial reaction
202
classic & contemporary
innocuous style ; use of simplified shapes ; mix of soft and smooth textures
203
contemporary
combination of old and new ideas ; influenced by nature , futuristic style & cutting edge aesthetic
204
country
cozy & quaint ; distressed wood; antiques ; old barn or farm house vibe
205
eclectic
most difficult decor to describe ; matching a myriads of styles; incorporating vintage & vibrant colors
206
modern
1900's with beautiful movement ; form and function
207
rustic
locally found materials ; sculptural beauty, contrasting textures and whimsical shapes
208
shabby chic
also known as cottage style; originating from britain ; relies on flea market ; soft relaxed , feminine ; romantic way of decorating
209
traditional
regal furnishings , classic and exudes an ageless feel
210
transitional
offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture ; livable soft appeal ; lack of ornamentation and decoration
211
rules
measuring and making straight lines
212
squares
testing right angles for marking
213
marking gauge
A combination marking and measuring device.
214
calipers
measures diameters
215
crosscut saw
for cutting across the grain
216
rip saw
for cutting along the grain or ripping
217
hand plane
for making wood surfaces smooth and flat
218
spoke shave
Used by old blacksmith and wagon maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheel.
219
files
for smoothing curves usually on edges of stock
220
chisels
For fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges
221
Augerbrace and Bit
Used for boring holes 1/4" and larger.
222
The brace is also used with other tools such as counter sinks and screwdriver bits
223
hand drill
Used for drilling small holes, usually not larger than 1/4"
224
standard screwdriver
Screwdriver that has a flat tip.
225
Philips screwdriver
has an x shaped tip ; used for security screws
226
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
relies on pushing force rather than a twisting force
227
jig saw
cutting line curves ; stock up approximately an inch in thickness ; also called scroll saw
228
band saw
endless blade travelling around two pulleys
229
circular saw
circular tooth blade ; crosscutting , ripping , mitering, chamfering , rabbeting , tampering, dadoing and shaping ; bench or table saw
230
Radial Arm Saw
A cutting machine consisting of a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm; suspended above the table blade can be raised , lowered turned and tilled
231
planer
designed for cutting line curves
232
wood lathe
Machine in which wood is shaped into round cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps and table legs.
233
Drill Press
accurate drilling of holes ; for boring or routing , shaping and countersinking
234
spindle shaper
cutting shaped edges , molding picture frame stock
235
sanding machine
Many types of power sanders: Disc, belt, drum, spindle and sheet
236
electric drill
Designed primarily for drilling and boring. But with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.
237
Electric Handsaw
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved
238
wood
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
239
softwood
From conifers, evergreen trees (keep their needles throughout the year)
240
e.g. Pine, Cedar
241
Hardwoods
Deciduous. Trees have broad leaves, which they usually lose in the fall. Ex: Birch, Cherry, Oak and Maple.
242
sap wood
the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue.
243
heart wood
the innermost part of a tree made up of old dried-up layers of xylem
244
checks
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying
245
shakes
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth; extensive splitting in weak links
246
knots
these are in effect the basal stumps of incipient or cast of branches; irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain
247
pitchpockets
know as resin pockets ; can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
248
wane
this is lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
249
decay
caused by attack of fungi
250
warping
synonymous term for distortion; Any variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board. ; bow, crook, kink, cup and twist
251
Plainsawing
most common method because it produces the highest quantity of lumber; lumber cut tangent to the annual rings. rings at an angle 0 to 45 degrees ;
252
quarter sawing
created by gang sawing ; shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges; wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel rays ; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 - 90 degrees
253
rift sawing
wood is cut at 30 to 60 angle to the center of the timber; similar to quartersawn
254
strips
Lumber less than 2" thick and less than 8" wide
255
timber
Wood suitable for use as a building material
256
lumber
the timber manufactured by sawing , re sawing , passing lengthwise through a planning machine , cross cutting to length and grading
257
dressed lumber
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
258
rough lumber
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed, but not surfaced.
259
Kiln Dried
describing wood that is seasoned in a chamber using artificial heat
260
board lumber
Pieces less than 2" thick and at least 8" wide; graded for appearance rather than strength; usually used for sidings and flooring
261
planks
wide pieces of lumber 2" to 5" thick. Used for stairs, floor girders,girts and trusses.
262
dimension lumber
pieces more than 2" and less than 5" in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall framing
263
timbers
Pieces 5" or more on the smallest dimension
264
Nominal Size
The size of lumber when it is cut from the log
265
actual size
Finished size of lumber
266
seasoning
The process of removing moisture from green wood
267
Air drying
drying wood in specific open-air conditions
268
narra
Most expensive, used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings
269
Yakal and Guijo
hard wood used for posts and girders or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to the weather
270
Pine Benguet
Softwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture.
271
Tanguile and Apitong
Philippine Mahogany; The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
272
White and Red Lauan
For framings, chests, jewel boxes
273
Kamagong
Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
274
Dao
used for panelings and plywood veneer
275
Almaciga
Similar to pine, for paneling
276
batikuling
wood used in making the santos
277
batis
flooring , stair riser
278
oak
grayish brown to reddish brown ; large open pores ; durable under exposure , great wear resstance
279
maple
Creamy white to light reddish-brown;bird's eye pattern; frequently straight-grained and tiny wood pores; heavy, hard, strong and stiff ; good shock resistance
280
walnut
Light gray brown to dark purple brown. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff, good shock resistance
281
pine
cream color to light reddish brown . visible resin canals and obvious growth rings. moderately light , soft and stiff ; good shock resistance
282
birch
Creamy white to light reddish-brown; extremely small pores
283
cherry
Light to dark reddish-brown; straight grain and small individual pores
284
ash
The grayish through creamy white through to a reddish dark brown ; distinct straight grains and open pores
285
mahogany
yellowish brown through reddish brown to dark red ; highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores; extremely stable , moderately hard , even textured and heavy
286
beech
Very light brown HARDWOOD. distinct STRAIGHT GRAIN And open pores. Turns well and is easily worked; commonly used as BENTWOOD.
287
poplar
Light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge; even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores; medium to light weight only moderately hard , stiff and shock resistant
288
teak
Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut.
289
pecan
Creamy white to reddish brown, occasional dark streaks and large wood pores; Very heavy, closed-grain, hard and strong.
290
elm
Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries; good shock resistance and excellent bending qualities
291
Rosewood
light brown to dark brown to dark purple ; conspicuous dark streaks ; large open wood pores ; extremely course texture
292
fir
creamy white to yellowish with obvious differences between spring and summer growth rings. pronounced resin canal and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish
293
redwood
deep reddish-brown with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings.; moderately hard and marginally shock resistant
294
cedar
light red with colored streaks running throughout ; knotty pattern and other natural markings are present ; HIGHLY AROMATIC & moderately hard though brittle
295
Sycamore
pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores; fine textured and good shock resistance
296
butternut
pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores ; soft to medium texture ; only moderate shock resistance
297
Bass wood
creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood ; light weight moderately stiff; very weak and low resistance to shock
298
natural drying
commonly called air drying or sun drying ; allow air to circulate around every piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly
299
board foot
a piece of lumber 12 inches wide and 1" thick and 1' long . refers to the nominal size of a lumber .
300
straight grain
a type of grain structure with fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree
301
inter-locked grain
a type of grain structure that are in successive layers and in opposite direction
302
wavy or curly grain
a type of grain structure that is constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears wavy
303
diagonal grain
straight grained log is not sawn along its verical axis
304
spiral grain
result of grain when trees grow twisted
305
irregular grain
fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log's vertical axis
306
plain/tangential or flat grain
when wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
307
quarter or radial grain
when board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
308
end grain
when board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
309
live saw
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods, and these boards show mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
310
pin knots
small knots 1/2" or under often caused by the shedding of early branches
311
spike or splay knots
commonly known as slash knots ; difficult to plane up
312
encased knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood
313
branched knots
two or three knots springing from a common center
314
radial shakes
the log splits from the plight or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.
315
frost shakes
project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and are, as their name implies, the result of severe weather
316
tangential shakes
the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summer wood, either during seasoning to through shearing stresses int the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds , intense heat etc.
317
cross shakes
failures caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing while the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes
318
Pitch flecks
repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
319
rind galls
patches of ingrowing bark
320
internal sapwood
Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood, but on occasions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood, and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in Rio rosewood; wood usually separates and breaks away along the ring during conversion
321
Burls/Burrs
not usually classified as defects as they ay enhance the value of the timber considerably; they are, however, true defects
322
callus
tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth
323
canker
caused by fungoid disease
324
catface
a partially heated fire scar
325
artificial defects
the shrinking and drying of wood , creating internal strains and stresses
326
cupping
the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect piling
327
bowing
plank is curved like a bow
328
springing
Sometimes known as "edge bend", the wood remains flat hut bends edgewise on its own plane.
329
twisting
the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved ; usually known as in winding
330
end splitting
butt end of the plank splits open usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split
331
sun checking
wood surface covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun
332
flaking
surface of wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface
333
diagonal grain
grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis , usually due to incorrect sawing
334
case hardening
dry outer layers are in tension, and the moist interior compression
335
honeycombing
severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers, not visible from the outside
336
collapse
the flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water
337
wood finishes
applied to wood for its protection and to enhance grain structure or alter its wood application
338
transparent
a coating that emphasizes and enhances the charm of natural wood color and grain
339
penetrating finishes
soak into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
340
surface coating
seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
341
clear lacquer
resin dissolved in ethyl alcohol ; forms a high - gloss film ; ________ = resin + ethyl alcohol
342
varnish
from various gums and resins dissolved in oil or alcohol ; forms hard, tough and elastic finish ; _______ = resins + oil
343
natural
a varnish made from plants, insects and vegetable matter
344
synthetic
from esterified glycerine
345
shellac
a spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol ; _______ = lac flakes + denatured alcohol
346
lac
resinous secretion of the female lac insect
347
oil stain finish
Can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
348
polyurethane finish
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; superior resistance to chipping, abrasion and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids alkalis hot and cold water
349
wax or films
achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; varies greatly in hardness and durability
350
wood stain finish
dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. it alters coloring the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain
351
water stains, penetrating oil stains; pigmented oil stains; non grain-raising stains
4 common stains
352
Bleach finish
achieved by applying one of the various acids and chlorine compound pertained to as bleaching agents; lightening of wood color to yellowish white
353
chlorinated laundry bleach
excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains from wood surface if used full strength
354
oxalic acid
best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
355
two solution bleaches
expensive and extremely strong ; brings out the really light tones on dark wood because of strength
356
opaque
gives a solid finish for protection and decoration
357
Paints and Enamels
a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle, which when applied to a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional properties
358
pigment, vehicles, thinners, driers
4 ingredients of paints
359
pigment
finely ground powder that gives paint its color
360
vehicles
nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended
361
thinners
a volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
362
Driers
added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle
363
plywood
made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise
364
4' x 8' boards ; 1/8" - 1" thk
available plywood sizes in the market
365
Plyboard
series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood whose grains are crossed at right angles to the length of the core strips
366
particle board
composed of wood chips carefully graded mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerances
367
fiber boards
used extensively in the building industry for many years in various densities, but until recently the only application for furniture making was the dense hardboard used for back panels and drawer bottoms
368
melamine boards
same construction as fiber boards except that it has a thin outer pressed melamine finish
369
Plastics
are long chain molecular structures evolved from common elements and compounds gases, lime, salt, coal, oil, molasses, cotton, wood etc. by chemical synthesis
370
thermoplastic
the necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved
371
Thermosetting
the polymerization has been arrested at a stage, which produces relatively short chain molecules
372
polyurethane foam
this foam plastic is expensive and accepts staples if upholstered
373
polystyrene
this foam plastic requires tacking strips if upholstered
374
polyurethane
high thermal resistance ; low water absorption ; low water vapor permeability ; good thermal stability ; good adhesion ; insulation for roof
375
pheno-formaldehyde
(phenolic foam) low resistance for given thickness; high strength ; very good thermal stability ; insulation of flat roofs
376
urea-formaldehyde
high thermal resistance; low mechanical strength ; high water absorption; high water vapor permeability ; cavity insulation
377
epoxy
good insulation efficiency ; high strength, good chemical and moisture resistance; spray application for storage tanks and vessels
378
nylon
has universal uses as a fiber material for it can be cold drawn to five times its original strength thus straightening the chain molecules and imparting great strength and excellent wear resistance
379
plastic laminates
also known as formica , wilson art, consulweld, etc.
380
hitherto metal furniture
was largely made of mild steel tube , hence the familiar name tubular steel furniture ; moreover designers tended to think in terms of wood forms and then to translate those forms into metal sections
381
ferrous metals
metals composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
382
wrought iron
iron with traces of silicate
383
cast iron
iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon sulfur
384
mud steel
iron with up to 3% carbon
385
stainless steel
Steel with chromium and nickel
386
tool & alloy steel
addition of nickel, chromium, copper & manganese to molten steel
387
copper bearing steel
steel that is high resistance to corrosion
388
non-ferrous metal
metals that contain little or no iron
389
aluminum
malleable ; good thermal & electrical conductivity
390
copper
pure metal; reddish brown metal
391
lead
easy to cut and work with enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces
392
zinc
substitute for lead
393
tin
low melting point & is relatively unaffected by exposure to air
394
alloys
combination of two or more metals and other substances
395
bronze
copper + tin
396
duralumin
aluminum + copper + other metals
397
brass
copper + zinc
398
coating
(organic) applied on metallic substrate ; process includes :one side or two side , laminating with plastic films, non metallic
399
painting / enameling
coating with non transparent formulation containing pigments
400
Lacquering
Coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent
401
Coil Coating
Continuous coating of a metal strip
402
backing coat
Single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, etc. usually on the reverse side of the coated product.
403
Chemical conversion coating
Treatment of a metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
404
priming
application of a paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate, after suitable pre-treatment
405
pre-treatment priming
application of a solution containing resin a chromate and an acid which is allowed to dry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
406
Single Coat System
Single coating either with requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, subsequent painting, etc. or as a primer with special properties regarding adhesion and corrosion protection for post-painting applications
407
multiple coat system
system compromising a primer or a base coat, possibly intermediate coats and a top coat with particular requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection
408
organic coating
Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
409
film coating
Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and primer has been applied beforehand
410
metallic coating
process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti - corrosive metal
411
Chemical Brightening
Chemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
412
Degreasing
Removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent
413
etching
roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
414
pickling
Removal of a thin surface layer of a metal by chemical action mainly by treatment in a caustic solution
415
electromechanical means
a chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current
416
electrochemical brightening
electrochemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
417
Electropolishing
Polishing of a metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte
418
anodized metal
metal with anodic coating , produced by an electrolyctic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative or functional properties
419
clear anodized metal
Metal with a substantially colorless, translucent anodic oxidation coating.
420
Color Anodized Metal
Anodized metal colored either during anodizing or by subsequent coloring processes
421
Integral Color Anodized Metal
metal that as been anodized using an appropriate electrolyte which produces a colored coating during the anodizing process itself.
422
Electrolytically Colored Anodized Metal
metal with an anodic oxidation coating that has been colored by the electrolytic deposition of a metal or metal oxide into the pore structure
423
dyed anodized metal
metal with an anodic oxidation coating colored by absorption of dye stuff or pigments into the pore structure
424
combination color anodized metal
metal with an anodic oxidation coating that is colored by electrolyctic coloring or produced by integral color anodizing followed by absorption dyeing
425
Interference color anodized metal
metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by means of optical interference effects
426
Bright Anodized Metal
anodized metal with high specular reflectance as the primary characteristic
427
Protective Anodizing
anodizing where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic
428
Decorative Anodizing
anodizing where a decorative finish with uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance is the primary characteristic
429
architectural anodizing
Anodizing to produce an architectural finish to be used in permanent exterior and static situations where both appearance and long life are important.
430
Hard Anodized Metal
anodized metal on which the anodic oxidation coating has been produced with wear and/or abrasion resistance as the primary characteristic
431
zinc plating
also called galvanizing
432
sealing
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal processes carried out after anodizing
433
Cold Impregnation
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carried out at low temperatures after anodizing.
434
Significant Surface
The part of the product covered or to be covered by the coating and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance.
435
powder coating
uses colored powder that is given the positive electric charge & the metal part as the negative electric charge ; color is permanently attached making it ideal for exterior applications
436
embossing
raising or molding or carving a surface design in relief ; can be referred as "repousse "
437
Repousse
french word for embossing meaning " to push up"
438
engraving
to carve or cut designs into a surface
439
etching
the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface ; scratching onto the surface
440
chasing
technique used to work metal into raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface , used in combination with repousse which is the opposite ; design is raised through the reversed side
441
annealing
heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state
442
bluing
Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin, and then quenched in oil
443
casting
production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds
444
Extruding
Forcing malleable materials through holes to produce bars, sections or tubes
445
Forging
shaping metal by heating and hammering
446
hardening
produced maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red then quenching it in water or brine.
447
pressing
forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool
448
spinning
A process in which a fast revolving sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form
449
Tempering
removing some of the brittleness from the steel after it has been hardened
450
drawing
pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross - sectional areas
451
mechanical method
made by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined, then inserting and fastening nuts and bolts, rivets, or screws
452
soldering and brazing
methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces
453
welding
extremely strong means of joining metals
454
rattan
a climbing palm that thrives on asiatic regions ; it is pre processed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture
455
palasan
includes other species which has a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm
456
tumalim
includes other species which has a diameter of 15mm to 25mm
457
sika
includes those that are glossy, flexible, bright yellow when a diameter of less than 15mm but are rather light cream and all grades are not included under the classification of these type of rattan
458
panlis
those whose diameters are less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance rather than bright yellow
459
steam-bending
the process of this technique is to cut the stem into the required sizes and placed in a steam compartment for about 10 minutes
460
blow torch
heating the part to be bent directly, or by heating a piece of metal and transferring the heat to the rattan
461
shells
are the tough outer covering of a variety of animals, fruits, seeds and nuts ; greatest value to furniture making are the calcified outer covering of the marine and land mollusks ; its natural color and pattern of shells are beautiful and unique; all they need is a transparent varnish or natural lacquer finish
462
skins
used during those times were mostly imported, although furniture workers then were familiar with the vegetable tanning process
463
coconut
the harder part of its trunk has been found to be a workable material; used for furniture framing and can be combined with lighter wood or laminated plywood
464
cocoshell
another by product which shows good potential for the development of furniture, furnishings and philippine products; new range of boxes, lamps , table tops , chairs, and house hold accessories using crushed and laminated shells to honey or ivory white for young shells
465
tempered glass
stronger but is rarely used in furniture because it must be cast rather than cut to size
466
marble
the most common stone for furniture
467
wicker
a construction technique in furniture rather than a material
468
travertine marble
a stone that is extremely porous
469
travertine marble
470
design
should be deliberate or international and should involve careful, organized and systematic logical thinking and planning
471
Creativity
means to make something out of nothing
472
creative problem-solving technique
will be helpful in activating and stimulating the creativity of a designer
473
intuitive technique
free association and gives no restriction to imagination ; quantity before quality
474
brainstorming
approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind
475
brainwriting
developed from experience with brainstorming session aimed at increasing the output from brainstorming
476
Alphabetical listing
having 26 or more ideas ; listing all the letters of the alphabet
477
syntectics
combine different , seemingly unrelated elements
478
Delphi Method
riddle-like or puzzle like technique
479
Inversion
make it worse; this process may increase your awareness eough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
480
Description be association
associate it with something else, preferably something familiar
481
logical systematic technique
principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one
482
morphology
redefines the problem first to an underlying more basic problem
483
bionics
does not aim at simulating the creative idea but systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature
484
Functional Visualization
Instead of thinking about what an object will look like, think about what function it will perform
485
problem area analysis and functional analysis
higher level of success ; split up into more and more minute sub problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems
486
Structural form development
make use of the basic "outline of the furniture" as a "grid "
487
morphological form development
Makes use of previous designs as a basis for improvements
488
geometric form development
Variations on "geometric forms" - size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number or arrangement can spark new ideas.
489
form development based on nature
Nature often provides inspiration for fresh and exciting ideas.
490
Form development based from various sources
Design ideas can be based on various sources other than nature.
491
arts and crafts
craftspeople, high aesthetic standards; anti-industrial reaction
492
classic & contemporary
innocuous style ; use of simplified shapes ; mix of soft and smooth textures
493
contemporary
combination of old and new ideas ; influenced by nature , futuristic style & cutting edge aesthetic
494
country
cozy & quaint ; distressed wood; antiques ; old barn or farm house vibe
495
eclectic
most difficult decor to describe ; matching a myriads of styles; incorporating vintage & vibrant colors
496
modern
1900's with beautiful movement ; form and function
497
rustic
locally found materials ; sculptural beauty, contrasting textures and whimsical shapes
498
shabby chic
also known as cottage style; originating from britain ; relies on flea market ; soft relaxed , feminine ; romantic way of decorating
499
traditional
regal furnishings , classic and exudes an ageless feel
500
transitional
offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture ; livable soft appeal ; lack of ornamentation and decoration
501
rules
measuring and making straight lines
502
squares
testing right angles for marking
503
marking gauge
A combination marking and measuring device.
504
calipers
measures diameters
505
crosscut saw
for cutting across the grain
506
rip saw
for cutting along the grain or ripping
507
hand plane
for making wood surfaces smooth and flat
508
spoke shave
Used by old blacksmith and wagon maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheel.
509
files
for smoothing curves usually on edges of stock
510
chisels
For fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges
511
Augerbrace and Bit
Used for boring holes 1/4" and larger.
512
The brace is also used with other tools such as counter sinks and screwdriver bits
513
hand drill
Used for drilling small holes, usually not larger than 1/4"
514
standard screwdriver
Screwdriver that has a flat tip.
515
Philips screwdriver
has an x shaped tip ; used for security screws
516
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
relies on pushing force rather than a twisting force
517
jig saw
cutting line curves ; stock up approximately an inch in thickness ; also called scroll saw
518
band saw
endless blade travelling around two pulleys
519
circular saw
circular tooth blade ; crosscutting , ripping , mitering, chamfering , rabbeting , tampering, dadoing and shaping ; bench or table saw
520
Radial Arm Saw
A cutting machine consisting of a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm; suspended above the table blade can be raised , lowered turned and tilled
521
planer
designed for cutting line curves
522
wood lathe
Machine in which wood is shaped into round cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps and table legs.
523
Drill Press
accurate drilling of holes ; for boring or routing , shaping and countersinking
524
spindle shaper
cutting shaped edges , molding picture frame stock
525
sanding machine
Many types of power sanders: Disc, belt, drum, spindle and sheet
526
electric drill
Designed primarily for drilling and boring. But with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.
527
Electric Handsaw
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved
528
wood
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
529
softwood
From conifers, evergreen trees (keep their needles throughout the year)
530
e.g. Pine, Cedar
531
Hardwoods
Deciduous. Trees have broad leaves, which they usually lose in the fall. Ex: Birch, Cherry, Oak and Maple.
532
sap wood
the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue.
533
heart wood
the innermost part of a tree made up of old dried-up layers of xylem
534
checks
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying
535
shakes
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth; extensive splitting in weak links
536
knots
these are in effect the basal stumps of incipient or cast of branches; irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain
537
pitchpockets
know as resin pockets ; can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
538
wane
this is lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
539
decay
caused by attack of fungi
540
warping
synonymous term for distortion; Any variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board. ; bow, crook, kink, cup and twist
541
Plainsawing
most common method because it produces the highest quantity of lumber; lumber cut tangent to the annual rings. rings at an angle 0 to 45 degrees ;
542
quarter sawing
created by gang sawing ; shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges; wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel rays ; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 - 90 degrees
543
rift sawing
wood is cut at 30 to 60 angle to the center of the timber; similar to quartersawn
544
strips
Lumber less than 2" thick and less than 8" wide
545
timber
Wood suitable for use as a building material
546
lumber
the timber manufactured by sawing , re sawing , passing lengthwise through a planning machine , cross cutting to length and grading
547
dressed lumber
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
548
rough lumber
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed, but not surfaced.
549
Kiln Dried
describing wood that is seasoned in a chamber using artificial heat
550
board lumber
Pieces less than 2" thick and at least 8" wide; graded for appearance rather than strength; usually used for sidings and flooring
551
planks
wide pieces of lumber 2" to 5" thick. Used for stairs, floor girders,girts and trusses.
552
dimension lumber
pieces more than 2" and less than 5" in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall framing
553
timbers
Pieces 5" or more on the smallest dimension
554
Nominal Size
The size of lumber when it is cut from the log
555
actual size
Finished size of lumber
556
seasoning
The process of removing moisture from green wood
557
Air drying
drying wood in specific open-air conditions
558
narra
Most expensive, used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings
559
Yakal and Guijo
hard wood used for posts and girders or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to the weather
560
Pine Benguet
Softwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture.
561
Tanguile and Apitong
Philippine Mahogany; The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
562
White and Red Lauan
For framings, chests, jewel boxes
563
Kamagong
Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
564
Dao
used for panelings and plywood veneer
565
Almaciga
Similar to pine, for paneling
566
batikuling
wood used in making the santos
567
batis
flooring , stair riser
568
oak
grayish brown to reddish brown ; large open pores ; durable under exposure , great wear resstance
569
maple
Creamy white to light reddish-brown;bird's eye pattern; frequently straight-grained and tiny wood pores; heavy, hard, strong and stiff ; good shock resistance
570
walnut
Light gray brown to dark purple brown. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff, good shock resistance
571
pine
cream color to light reddish brown . visible resin canals and obvious growth rings. moderately light , soft and stiff ; good shock resistance
572
birch
Creamy white to light reddish-brown; extremely small pores
573
cherry
Light to dark reddish-brown; straight grain and small individual pores
574
ash
The grayish through creamy white through to a reddish dark brown ; distinct straight grains and open pores
575
mahogany
yellowish brown through reddish brown to dark red ; highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores; extremely stable , moderately hard , even textured and heavy
576
beech
Very light brown HARDWOOD. distinct STRAIGHT GRAIN And open pores. Turns well and is easily worked; commonly used as BENTWOOD.
577
poplar
Light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge; even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores; medium to light weight only moderately hard , stiff and shock resistant
578
teak
Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut.
579
pecan
Creamy white to reddish brown, occasional dark streaks and large wood pores; Very heavy, closed-grain, hard and strong.
580
elm
Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries; good shock resistance and excellent bending qualities
581
Rosewood
light brown to dark brown to dark purple ; conspicuous dark streaks ; large open wood pores ; extremely course texture
582
fir
creamy white to yellowish with obvious differences between spring and summer growth rings. pronounced resin canal and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish
583
redwood
deep reddish-brown with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings.; moderately hard and marginally shock resistant
584
cedar
light red with colored streaks running throughout ; knotty pattern and other natural markings are present ; HIGHLY AROMATIC & moderately hard though brittle
585
Sycamore
pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores; fine textured and good shock resistance
586
butternut
pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores ; soft to medium texture ; only moderate shock resistance
587
Bass wood
creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood ; light weight moderately stiff; very weak and low resistance to shock
588
natural drying
commonly called air drying or sun drying ; allow air to circulate around every piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly
589
board foot
a piece of lumber 12 inches wide and 1" thick and 1' long . refers to the nominal size of a lumber .
590
straight grain
a type of grain structure with fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree
591
inter-locked grain
a type of grain structure that are in successive layers and in opposite direction
592
wavy or curly grain
a type of grain structure that is constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears wavy
593
diagonal grain
straight grained log is not sawn along its verical axis
594
spiral grain
result of grain when trees grow twisted
595
irregular grain
fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log's vertical axis
596
plain/tangential or flat grain
when wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
597
quarter or radial grain
when board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
598
end grain
when board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
599
live saw
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods, and these boards show mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
600
pin knots
small knots 1/2" or under often caused by the shedding of early branches
601
spike or splay knots
commonly known as slash knots ; difficult to plane up
602
encased knots
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood
603
branched knots
two or three knots springing from a common center
604
radial shakes
the log splits from the plight or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.
605
frost shakes
project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and are, as their name implies, the result of severe weather
606
tangential shakes
the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summer wood, either during seasoning to through shearing stresses int the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds , intense heat etc.
607
cross shakes
failures caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing while the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes
608
Pitch flecks
repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
609
rind galls
patches of ingrowing bark
610
internal sapwood
Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood, but on occasions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood, and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in Rio rosewood; wood usually separates and breaks away along the ring during conversion
611
Burls/Burrs
not usually classified as defects as they ay enhance the value of the timber considerably; they are, however, true defects
612
callus
tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth
613
canker
caused by fungoid disease
614
catface
a partially heated fire scar
615
artificial defects
the shrinking and drying of wood , creating internal strains and stresses
616
cupping
the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect piling
617
bowing
plank is curved like a bow
618
springing
Sometimes known as "edge bend", the wood remains flat hut bends edgewise on its own plane.
619
twisting
the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved ; usually known as in winding
620
end splitting
butt end of the plank splits open usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split
621
sun checking
wood surface covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun
622
flaking
surface of wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface
623
diagonal grain
grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis , usually due to incorrect sawing
624
case hardening
dry outer layers are in tension, and the moist interior compression
625
honeycombing
severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers, not visible from the outside
626
collapse
the flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water
627
wood finishes
applied to wood for its protection and to enhance grain structure or alter its wood application
628
transparent
a coating that emphasizes and enhances the charm of natural wood color and grain
629
penetrating finishes
soak into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
630
surface coating
seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
631
clear lacquer
resin dissolved in ethyl alcohol ; forms a high - gloss film ; ________ = resin + ethyl alcohol
632
varnish
from various gums and resins dissolved in oil or alcohol ; forms hard, tough and elastic finish ; _______ = resins + oil
633
natural
a varnish made from plants, insects and vegetable matter
634
synthetic
from esterified glycerine
635
shellac
a spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol ; _______ = lac flakes + denatured alcohol
636
lac
resinous secretion of the female lac insect
637
oil stain finish
Can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
638
polyurethane finish
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; superior resistance to chipping, abrasion and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids alkalis hot and cold water
639
wax or films
achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; varies greatly in hardness and durability
640
should be deliberate or international and should involve careful, organized and systematic logical thinking and planning
design
641
means to make something out of nothing
Creativity
642
will be helpful in activating and stimulating the creativity of a designer
creative problem-solving technique
643
free association and gives no restriction to imagination ; quantity before quality
intuitive technique
644
approaching the subconscious creative part of the human mind
brainstorming
645
developed from experience with brainstorming session aimed at increasing the output from brainstorming
brainwriting
646
having 26 or more ideas ; listing all the letters of the alphabet
Alphabetical listing
647
combine different , seemingly unrelated elements
syntectics
648
riddle-like or puzzle like technique
Delphi Method
649
make it worse; this process may increase your awareness eough to give yourself some perspective on the problem
Inversion
650
associate it with something else, preferably something familiar
Description be association
651
principle of splitting up the problem into sub problems and solving them one by one
logical systematic technique
652
redefines the problem first to an underlying more basic problem
morphology
653
does not aim at simulating the creative idea but systematically examines and analyzes objects of nature
bionics
654
Instead of thinking about what an object will look like, think about what function it will perform
Functional Visualization
655
higher level of success ; split up into more and more minute sub problems until the whole problem has become a network of interrelated problems
problem area analysis and functional analysis
656
make use of the basic "outline of the furniture" as a "grid "
Structural form development
657
Makes use of previous designs as a basis for improvements
morphological form development
658
Variations on "geometric forms" - size, shape, color, proportion, mass, number or arrangement can spark new ideas.
geometric form development
659
Nature often provides inspiration for fresh and exciting ideas.
form development based on nature
660
Design ideas can be based on various sources other than nature.
Form development based from various sources
661
craftspeople, high aesthetic standards; anti-industrial reaction
arts and crafts
662
innocuous style ; use of simplified shapes ; mix of soft and smooth textures
classic & contemporary
663
combination of old and new ideas ; influenced by nature , futuristic style & cutting edge aesthetic
contemporary
664
cozy & quaint ; distressed wood; antiques ; old barn or farm house vibe
country
665
most difficult decor to describe ; matching a myriads of styles; incorporating vintage & vibrant colors
eclectic
666
1900's with beautiful movement ; form and function
modern
667
locally found materials ; sculptural beauty, contrasting textures and whimsical shapes
rustic
668
also known as cottage style; originating from britain ; relies on flea market ; soft relaxed , feminine ; romantic way of decorating
shabby chic
669
regal furnishings , classic and exudes an ageless feel
traditional
670
offspring of traditional and contemporary furniture ; livable soft appeal ; lack of ornamentation and decoration
transitional
671
measuring and making straight lines
rules
672
testing right angles for marking
squares
673
A combination marking and measuring device.
marking gauge
674
measures diameters
calipers
675
for cutting across the grain
crosscut saw
676
for cutting along the grain or ripping
rip saw
677
for making wood surfaces smooth and flat
hand plane
678
Used by old blacksmith and wagon maker for shaping spokes for wooden wheel.
spoke shave
679
for smoothing curves usually on edges of stock
files
680
For fitting joints in wood and for shaping edges
chisels
681
Used for boring holes 1/4" and larger.
Augerbrace and Bit
682
The brace is also used with other tools such as counter sinks and screwdriver bits
683
Used for drilling small holes, usually not larger than 1/4"
hand drill
684
Screwdriver that has a flat tip.
standard screwdriver
685
has an x shaped tip ; used for security screws
Philips screwdriver
686
relies on pushing force rather than a twisting force
Spiral Ratchet Screwdriver
687
cutting line curves ; stock up approximately an inch in thickness ; also called scroll saw
jig saw
688
endless blade travelling around two pulleys
band saw
689
circular tooth blade ; crosscutting , ripping , mitering, chamfering , rabbeting , tampering, dadoing and shaping ; bench or table saw
circular saw
690
A cutting machine consisting of a circular saw mounted on a sliding horizontal arm; suspended above the table blade can be raised , lowered turned and tilled
Radial Arm Saw
691
designed for cutting line curves
planer
692
Machine in which wood is shaped into round cylindrical shapes such as bowls, lamps and table legs.
wood lathe
693
accurate drilling of holes ; for boring or routing , shaping and countersinking
Drill Press
694
cutting shaped edges , molding picture frame stock
spindle shaper
695
Many types of power sanders: Disc, belt, drum, spindle and sheet
sanding machine
696
Designed primarily for drilling and boring. But with attachments, this could also be used as sanders, buffers, polishers and drivers.
electric drill
697
A portable shaper that is moved through the work instead of the work being moved
Electric Handsaw
698
The tough, fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.
wood
699
From conifers, evergreen trees (keep their needles throughout the year)
softwood
700
e.g. Pine, Cedar
701
Deciduous. Trees have broad leaves, which they usually lose in the fall. Ex: Birch, Cherry, Oak and Maple.
Hardwoods
702
the soft outer layers of recently formed wood between the heartwood and the bark, containing the functioning vascular tissue.
sap wood
703
the innermost part of a tree made up of old dried-up layers of xylem
heart wood
704
Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during drying
checks
705
Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of the growth; extensive splitting in weak links
shakes
706
these are in effect the basal stumps of incipient or cast of branches; irregular growths in the body of a tree which interrupt the smooth curve of the grain
knots
707
know as resin pockets ; can appear either as thin veins or shallow cavities filled with resin; well-defined openings between annual rings containing solid or liquid pitch
pitchpockets
708
this is lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece
wane
709
caused by attack of fungi
decay
710
synonymous term for distortion; Any variation with the plane surface of the piece caused by unequal shrinkage of the board. ; bow, crook, kink, cup and twist
warping
711
most common method because it produces the highest quantity of lumber; lumber cut tangent to the annual rings. rings at an angle 0 to 45 degrees ;
Plainsawing
712
created by gang sawing ; shows mostly quarter grain on their faces and flat grain on the edges; wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel rays ; cut with annual growth rings at an angle 45 - 90 degrees
quarter sawing
713
wood is cut at 30 to 60 angle to the center of the timber; similar to quartersawn
rift sawing
714
Lumber less than 2" thick and less than 8" wide
strips
715
Wood suitable for use as a building material
timber
716
the timber manufactured by sawing , re sawing , passing lengthwise through a planning machine , cross cutting to length and grading
lumber
717
Lumber that is surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface and uniform size
dressed lumber
718
Lumber that is sawn, edged and trimmed, but not surfaced.
rough lumber
719
describing wood that is seasoned in a chamber using artificial heat
Kiln Dried
720
Pieces less than 2" thick and at least 8" wide; graded for appearance rather than strength; usually used for sidings and flooring
board lumber
721
wide pieces of lumber 2" to 5" thick. Used for stairs, floor girders,girts and trusses.
planks
722
pieces more than 2" and less than 5" in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall framing
dimension lumber
723
Pieces 5" or more on the smallest dimension
timbers
724
The size of lumber when it is cut from the log
Nominal Size
725
Finished size of lumber
actual size
726
The process of removing moisture from green wood
seasoning
727
drying wood in specific open-air conditions
Air drying
728
Most expensive, used for furniture and panelings, for expensive floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer and facings
narra
729
hard wood used for posts and girders or jambs attached to concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings exposed to the weather
Yakal and Guijo
730
Softwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture.
Pine Benguet
731
Philippine Mahogany; The most common lumber in the market; used generally for framing, joists, nailer, studs
Tanguile and Apitong
732
For framings, chests, jewel boxes
White and Red Lauan
733
Hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair frames
Kamagong
734
used for panelings and plywood veneer
Dao
735
Similar to pine, for paneling
Almaciga
736
wood used in making the santos
batikuling
737
flooring , stair riser
batis
738
grayish brown to reddish brown ; large open pores ; durable under exposure , great wear resstance
oak
739
Creamy white to light reddish-brown;bird's eye pattern; frequently straight-grained and tiny wood pores; heavy, hard, strong and stiff ; good shock resistance
maple
740
Light gray brown to dark purple brown. Wide variety of plain and highly figured patterns. Very strong and stable, only moderately heavy and stiff, good shock resistance
walnut
741
cream color to light reddish brown . visible resin canals and obvious growth rings. moderately light , soft and stiff ; good shock resistance
pine
742
Creamy white to light reddish-brown; extremely small pores
birch
743
Light to dark reddish-brown; straight grain and small individual pores
cherry
744
The grayish through creamy white through to a reddish dark brown ; distinct straight grains and open pores
ash
745
yellowish brown through reddish brown to dark red ; highly figured grain pattern and open wood pores; extremely stable , moderately hard , even textured and heavy
mahogany
746
Very light brown HARDWOOD. distinct STRAIGHT GRAIN And open pores. Turns well and is easily worked; commonly used as BENTWOOD.
beech
747
Light yellow to brownish-yellow with green tinge; even texture and straight grain pattern with barely visible pores; medium to light weight only moderately hard , stiff and shock resistant
poplar
748
Tawny yellow to dark brown with frequent lighter and darker streaks. Pattern very similar to that of walnut.
teak
749
Creamy white to reddish brown, occasional dark streaks and large wood pores; Very heavy, closed-grain, hard and strong.
pecan
750
Light brown to dark brown often containing shades of red; straight grain pattern with obvious light and dark boundaries; good shock resistance and excellent bending qualities
elm
751
light brown to dark brown to dark purple ; conspicuous dark streaks ; large open wood pores ; extremely course texture
Rosewood
752
creamy white to yellowish with obvious differences between spring and summer growth rings. pronounced resin canal and wild grain markings make this a difficult wood to finish
fir
753
deep reddish-brown with obvious alternating spring and summer growth rings.; moderately hard and marginally shock resistant
redwood
754
light red with colored streaks running throughout ; knotty pattern and other natural markings are present ; HIGHLY AROMATIC & moderately hard though brittle
cedar
755
pale reddish-brown; obvious wide growth pattern and small wood pores; fine textured and good shock resistance
Sycamore
756
pale to dark brown with occasional red streaks running throughout; large open wood pores ; soft to medium texture ; only moderate shock resistance
butternut
757
creamy white to creamy brown with frequent reddish markings; faint growth rings and broad wood raise which are darker than the background wood ; light weight moderately stiff; very weak and low resistance to shock
Bass wood
758
commonly called air drying or sun drying ; allow air to circulate around every piece while sloping allows water to run off quickly
natural drying
759
a piece of lumber 12 inches wide and 1" thick and 1' long . refers to the nominal size of a lumber .
board foot
760
a type of grain structure with fibers running in the same direction as the main axis of the tree
straight grain
761
a type of grain structure that are in successive layers and in opposite direction
inter-locked grain
762
a type of grain structure that is constantly changing in orientation so that a line drawn parallel to their direction appears wavy
wavy or curly grain
763
straight grained log is not sawn along its verical axis
diagonal grain
764
result of grain when trees grow twisted
spiral grain
765
fibers at directions that are varying and irregular from the log's vertical axis
irregular grain
766
when wood is cut parallel to the grain direction and tangent to the growth rings
plain/tangential or flat grain
767
when board is cut parallel to the grain direction but through the radius of the growth rings
quarter or radial grain
768
when board is cut across the grain (perpendicular to the grain direction and the growth rings)
end grain
769
Sometimes called sawing through and through; produces much wider boards than other methods, and these boards show mostly mixed grain - flat grain near the center of the face and quarter grain near the edges
live saw
770
small knots 1/2" or under often caused by the shedding of early branches
pin knots
771
commonly known as slash knots ; difficult to plane up
spike or splay knots
772
Dead knots which are still sound and difficult to dislodge, and often ringed with resin in softwood
encased knots
773
two or three knots springing from a common center
branched knots
774
the log splits from the plight or heart radially along the medullary rays, usually indicating that the tree has passed its prime.
radial shakes
775
project inwardly from a definite frost rib on the cambium and are, as their name implies, the result of severe weather
frost shakes
776
the soft springwood of the log splits away from the harder summer wood, either during seasoning to through shearing stresses int the growing tree caused by old age, excessive bending under strong winds , intense heat etc.
tangential shakes
777
failures caused by compression and not by splitting or shearing while the actual rupture is across the grain and not with it as with all other shakes
cross shakes
778
repeated damage to the cambium layer by small insects is often healed over with hark, and may show as small dots or patches of brown cork deeply buried in some woods
Pitch flecks
779
patches of ingrowing bark
rind galls
780
Normally the sapwood dies ring by ring, forming heartwood, but on occasions patches of sapwood survive within the heartwood, and show as lighter patches as sometimes seen in Rio rosewood; wood usually separates and breaks away along the ring during conversion
internal sapwood
781
not usually classified as defects as they ay enhance the value of the timber considerably; they are, however, true defects
Burls/Burrs
782
tissue formed over a wound in a tree resulting in unnatural growth incorporated in the normal wood growth
callus
783
caused by fungoid disease
canker
784
a partially heated fire scar
catface
785
the shrinking and drying of wood , creating internal strains and stresses
artificial defects
786
the plank hollows across the width, forming a rounding on the underface, often due to incorrect piling
cupping
787
plank is curved like a bow
bowing
788
Sometimes known as "edge bend", the wood remains flat hut bends edgewise on its own plane.
springing
789
the result that the long edges are straight, but the diagonals are curved ; usually known as in winding
twisting
790
butt end of the plank splits open usually caused by too rapid drying but some species will always split
end splitting
791
wood surface covered with small splits along the grain caused by too rapid drying in hot sun
sun checking
792
surface of wood lifts in innumerable small flakes or layers which spring under the cutting action, preventing a smooth surface
flaking
793
grain runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis , usually due to incorrect sawing
diagonal grain
794
dry outer layers are in tension, and the moist interior compression
case hardening
795
severe internal stresses and subsequent checking or disruption of the wood fibers, not visible from the outside
honeycombing
796
the flattening of the wood cells caused by vacuums created by the withdrawal of water
collapse
797
applied to wood for its protection and to enhance grain structure or alter its wood application
wood finishes
798
a coating that emphasizes and enhances the charm of natural wood color and grain
transparent
799
soak into the wood pores to give a natural look and feel
penetrating finishes
800
seals wood pores for protection against water and other destructive elements
surface coating
801
resin dissolved in ethyl alcohol ; forms a high - gloss film ; ________ = resin + ethyl alcohol
clear lacquer
802
from various gums and resins dissolved in oil or alcohol ; forms hard, tough and elastic finish ; _______ = resins + oil
varnish
803
a varnish made from plants, insects and vegetable matter
natural
804
from esterified glycerine
synthetic
805
a spirit varnish made by dissolving purified lac flakes in denatured alcohol ; _______ = lac flakes + denatured alcohol
shellac
806
resinous secretion of the female lac insect
lac
807
Can be achieved by simply using boiled linseed oil or various other oils
oil stain finish
808
A transparent plastic finish made of polyhydric alcohol esterified with oleic, linoleic, palmetic and stearic fatty acids and modified with tolyrene disocynate and mineral spirits; superior resistance to chipping, abrasion and dirt retention; resists solvents, detergents, acids alkalis hot and cold water
polyurethane finish
809
achieved by brushing, rubbing or spraying processed fatty acids from animals and vegetables, mineral sources combined with alcohol; varies greatly in hardness and durability
wax or films
810
dyes or pigments suspended in water or oil. it alters coloring the wood or accentuates its natural color without covering the grain
wood stain finish
811
4 common stains
water stains, penetrating oil stains; pigmented oil stains; non grain-raising stains
812
achieved by applying one of the various acids and chlorine compound pertained to as bleaching agents; lightening of wood color to yellowish white
Bleach finish
813
excellent for removing chemicals, dyes, ink and water stains from wood surface if used full strength
chlorinated laundry bleach
814
best bleach to use not only on natural wood colors but also on many water and chemical stains
oxalic acid
815
expensive and extremely strong ; brings out the really light tones on dark wood because of strength
two solution bleaches
816
gives a solid finish for protection and decoration
opaque
817
a mixture of a solid pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle, which when applied to a surface, forms an adherent continuous film which provides protection, decoration, sanitation, identification and other functional properties
Paints and Enamels
818
4 ingredients of paints
pigment, vehicles, thinners, driers
819
finely ground powder that gives paint its color
pigment
820
nonvolatile fluid in which the solid body material is suspended
vehicles
821
a volatile liquid used to dilute paint or varnish to the desired or proper consistency for ease in application
thinners
822
added to the paint to accelerate the oxidation and hardening of vehicle
Driers
823
made of thin veneer sheets glued together one on top of the other with grain of the sheets arranged crosswise
plywood
824
available plywood sizes in the market
4' x 8' boards ; 1/8" - 1" thk
825
series of wood core strips glued together side by side to form a slab which is sandwiched between outer layers of veneer or thin plywood whose grains are crossed at right angles to the length of the core strips
Plyboard
826
composed of wood chips carefully graded mixed with synthetic resin glue and either pressed or extruded into rigid self supporting sheets of uniform thickness which are sanded down to close tolerances
particle board
827
used extensively in the building industry for many years in various densities, but until recently the only application for furniture making was the dense hardboard used for back panels and drawer bottoms
fiber boards
828
same construction as fiber boards except that it has a thin outer pressed melamine finish
melamine boards
829
are long chain molecular structures evolved from common elements and compounds gases, lime, salt, coal, oil, molasses, cotton, wood etc. by chemical synthesis
Plastics
830
the necessary degree of polymerization have been achieved
thermoplastic
831
the polymerization has been arrested at a stage, which produces relatively short chain molecules
Thermosetting
832
this foam plastic is expensive and accepts staples if upholstered
polyurethane foam
833
this foam plastic requires tacking strips if upholstered
polystyrene
834
high thermal resistance ; low water absorption ; low water vapor permeability ; good thermal stability ; good adhesion ; insulation for roof
polyurethane
835
(phenolic foam) low resistance for given thickness; high strength ; very good thermal stability ; insulation of flat roofs
pheno-formaldehyde
836
high thermal resistance; low mechanical strength ; high water absorption; high water vapor permeability ; cavity insulation
urea-formaldehyde
837
good insulation efficiency ; high strength, good chemical and moisture resistance; spray application for storage tanks and vessels
epoxy
838
has universal uses as a fiber material for it can be cold drawn to five times its original strength thus straightening the chain molecules and imparting great strength and excellent wear resistance
nylon
839
also known as formica , wilson art, consulweld, etc.
plastic laminates
840
was largely made of mild steel tube , hence the familiar name tubular steel furniture ; moreover designers tended to think in terms of wood forms and then to translate those forms into metal sections
hitherto metal furniture
841
metals composed mainly of iron with small additions of other metals or substances
ferrous metals
842
iron with traces of silicate
wrought iron
843
iron with small amounts of carbon, silicon sulfur
cast iron
844
iron with up to 3% carbon
mud steel
845
Steel with chromium and nickel
stainless steel
846
addition of nickel, chromium, copper & manganese to molten steel
tool & alloy steel
847
steel that is high resistance to corrosion
copper bearing steel
848
metals that contain little or no iron
non-ferrous metal
849
malleable ; good thermal & electrical conductivity
aluminum
850
pure metal; reddish brown metal
copper
851
easy to cut and work with enabling it to be fitted over uneven surfaces
lead
852
substitute for lead
zinc
853
low melting point & is relatively unaffected by exposure to air
tin
854
combination of two or more metals and other substances
alloys
855
copper + tin
bronze
856
aluminum + copper + other metals
duralumin
857
copper + zinc
brass
858
(organic) applied on metallic substrate ; process includes :one side or two side , laminating with plastic films, non metallic
coating
859
coating with non transparent formulation containing pigments
painting / enameling
860
Coating with a formulation based on a dissolved material which forms a transparent layer primarily after drying by evaporation of the solvent
Lacquering
861
Continuous coating of a metal strip
Coil Coating
862
Single coating of any type with no particular requirements for appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, etc. usually on the reverse side of the coated product.
backing coat
863
Treatment of a metal with chemical solutions by dipping or spraying to build up an oxide film containing chromates or phosphates
Chemical conversion coating
864
application of a paint often pigmented with a corrosion inhibitor such as zinc chromate, after suitable pre-treatment
priming
865
application of a solution containing resin a chromate and an acid which is allowed to dry on and provide the key for subsequent painting
pre-treatment priming
866
Single coating either with requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection, subsequent painting, etc. or as a primer with special properties regarding adhesion and corrosion protection for post-painting applications
Single Coat System
867
system compromising a primer or a base coat, possibly intermediate coats and a top coat with particular requirements on appearance, malleability, corrosion protection
multiple coat system
868
Dry paint film of the coated product or the organic film metal laminate
organic coating
869
Organic film applied to a substrate to which an adhesive and primer has been applied beforehand
film coating
870
process of applying a thin coating of an expensive anti - corrosive metal
metallic coating
871
Chemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
Chemical Brightening
872
Removal of oil or grease, usually by a suitable organic solvent or an aqueous detergent
Degreasing
873
roughening of the surface of a metal by overall or selective dissolution in acid or caustic media
etching
874
Removal of a thin surface layer of a metal by chemical action mainly by treatment in a caustic solution
pickling
875
a chemical change accompanying the passage of an electric current
electromechanical means
876
electrochemical treatment to improve the optical reflectivity of a surface
electrochemical brightening
877
Polishing of a metal surface by making it anodic in an appropriate electrolyte
Electropolishing
878
metal with anodic coating , produced by an electrolyctic oxidation process in which the metal is converted to mainly oxide coating having protective, decorative or functional properties
anodized metal
879
Metal with a substantially colorless, translucent anodic oxidation coating.
clear anodized metal
880
Anodized metal colored either during anodizing or by subsequent coloring processes
Color Anodized Metal
881
metal that as been anodized using an appropriate electrolyte which produces a colored coating during the anodizing process itself.
Integral Color Anodized Metal
882
metal with an anodic oxidation coating that has been colored by the electrolytic deposition of a metal or metal oxide into the pore structure
Electrolytically Colored Anodized Metal
883
metal with an anodic oxidation coating colored by absorption of dye stuff or pigments into the pore structure
dyed anodized metal
884
metal with an anodic oxidation coating that is colored by electrolyctic coloring or produced by integral color anodizing followed by absorption dyeing
combination color anodized metal
885
metal with anodic oxidation coating colored by means of optical interference effects
Interference color anodized metal
886
anodized metal with high specular reflectance as the primary characteristic
Bright Anodized Metal
887
anodizing where protection against corrosion or wear is the primary characteristic
Protective Anodizing
888
anodizing where a decorative finish with uniform or aesthetically pleasing appearance is the primary characteristic
Decorative Anodizing
889
Anodizing to produce an architectural finish to be used in permanent exterior and static situations where both appearance and long life are important.
architectural anodizing
890
anodized metal on which the anodic oxidation coating has been produced with wear and/or abrasion resistance as the primary characteristic
Hard Anodized Metal
891
also called galvanizing
zinc plating
892
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to reduce porosity and the absorption capacity of the coating by hydrothermal processes carried out after anodizing
sealing
893
Treatment of anodic oxidation coatings on metal to plug the pores and reduce the absorption capacity of the coating by chemical processes carried out at low temperatures after anodizing.
Cold Impregnation
894
The part of the product covered or to be covered by the coating and for which the coating is essential for serviceability and/or appearance.
Significant Surface
895
uses colored powder that is given the positive electric charge & the metal part as the negative electric charge ; color is permanently attached making it ideal for exterior applications
powder coating
896
raising or molding or carving a surface design in relief ; can be referred as "repousse "
embossing
897
french word for embossing meaning " to push up"
Repousse
898
to carve or cut designs into a surface
engraving
899
the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface ; scratching onto the surface
etching
900
technique used to work metal into raised design or pattern by sinking the front surface , used in combination with repousse which is the opposite ; design is raised through the reversed side
chasing
901
heating metal to restore it to its softest possible working state
annealing
902
Treating steel to improve its corrosion-resistance. The metal is heated to create an oxide skin, and then quenched in oil
bluing
903
production of metal shapes by pouring molten metal into moulds
casting
904
Forcing malleable materials through holes to produce bars, sections or tubes
Extruding
905
shaping metal by heating and hammering
Forging
906
produced maximum hardness in high carbon steel by heating it to bright cherry red then quenching it in water or brine.
hardening
907
forming sheet metal to shape with a press tool
pressing
908
A process in which a fast revolving sheet of ductile metal is forced over a wood or metal form
spinning
909
removing some of the brittleness from the steel after it has been hardened
Tempering
910
pulling ductile metals through holes in a plate, to reduce their cross - sectional areas
drawing
911
made by drilling a hole in the pieces of metal to be joined, then inserting and fastening nuts and bolts, rivets, or screws
mechanical method
912
methods of making permanent connection in metals by applying a molten alloy between the joint faces
soldering and brazing
913
extremely strong means of joining metals
welding
914
a climbing palm that thrives on asiatic regions ; it is pre processed to produce round cores for making reed or wicker furniture
rattan
915
includes other species which has a diameter of over 25mm and intermode of 250mm
palasan
916
includes other species which has a diameter of 15mm to 25mm
tumalim
917
includes those that are glossy, flexible, bright yellow when a diameter of less than 15mm but are rather light cream and all grades are not included under the classification of these type of rattan
sika
918
those whose diameters are less than 15mm but having a light cream appearance rather than bright yellow
panlis
919
the process of this technique is to cut the stem into the required sizes and placed in a steam compartment for about 10 minutes
steam-bending
920
heating the part to be bent directly, or by heating a piece of metal and transferring the heat to the rattan
blow torch
921
are the tough outer covering of a variety of animals, fruits, seeds and nuts ; greatest value to furniture making are the calcified outer covering of the marine and land mollusks ; its natural color and pattern of shells are beautiful and unique; all they need is a transparent varnish or natural lacquer finish
shells
922
used during those times were mostly imported, although furniture workers then were familiar with the vegetable tanning process
skins
923
the harder part of its trunk has been found to be a workable material; used for furniture framing and can be combined with lighter wood or laminated plywood
coconut
924
another by product which shows good potential for the development of furniture, furnishings and philippine products; new range of boxes, lamps , table tops , chairs, and house hold accessories using crushed and laminated shells to honey or ivory white for young shells
cocoshell
925
stronger but is rarely used in furniture because it must be cast rather than cut to size
tempered glass
926
the most common stone for furniture
marble
927
a construction technique in furniture rather than a material
wicker
928
a stone that is extremely porous
travertine marble
929
travertine marble
