1

Question 1

Which historical figure in psychology believed that our knowledge is based upon experience and that the mind could be broken down into distinct elements?

Answer 1

John Locke

Question 2

What did Ebbinghaus discover about the relationship between the quantity of to-be-remembered trigrams and his memory performance for the trigrams?

Answer 2

As the quantity of trigrams increased, his memory for the trigrams decreased

Question 3

According to the law of effect, what influences the increase or decrease of organisms’ responses?

Answer 3

The consequences following an action

Question 4

What is the term for a sensory event that can cause a response from an organism?

Answer 4

A stimulus

Question 5

In the debate between Edward and Carlisle, what does Edward believe about knowledge and intelligence?

Answer 5

Nature

Question 6

What do traditional behaviorists believe about the study of psychological phenomena?

Answer 6

Psychologists should only study observable behaviors

Question 7

Which behaviorist believed all behaviors are a series of complex stimulus-response associations?

Answer 7

B. F. Skinner

Question 8

What does it mean when an organism demonstrates a change in behavior without any specific motivation or consequence?

Answer 8

Latent learning

Question 9

Who conducted the first experimental investigation of memory?

Answer 9

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 10

Which type of theoretical models of learning and memory represent learning as networks of connections between nodes?

Answer 10

Connectionist models

Question 12

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual stimuli?

Answer 12

The occipital lobe

Question 13

What is the name of the subcortical structure that functions as the ‘sensory gateway’ in the brain?

Answer 13

The thalamus

Question 14

Which area of the brain has Vishal likely damaged if he experiences difficulties with coordination and physical movement?

Answer 14

The cerebellum

Question 15

Which of the following is a structural neuroimaging technique used to examine the structures of the brain?

Answer 15

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Question 16

What is the name of the 3D figure that depicts the mapped cortical space of the primary somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex?

Answer 16

Homunculus

Question 17

According to which theory do differences in brain size result in changes in skull shape?

Answer 17

Phrenology

Question 18

What are involuntary and automatic responses that are ‘hardwired’ into an organism?

Answer 18

Reflexes

Question 19

What is the insulating layer that wraps around the axon of a neuron?

Answer 19

Myelin sheath

Question 20

What are the chemical substances released into the synapse of a neuron that bind to receptors?

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters

Question 21

Most events for learning and memory occur in which division of the nervous system?

Answer 21

The central nervous system (CNS)

Question 22

What is the name of the phenomenon in which prior exposure to a stimulus improves an individual’s ability to recognize the stimulus later?

Answer 22

Priming

Question 23

Sensitization involves the release of _______ glutamate, which results in _______ responses.

Answer 23

more; stronger

Question 24

What is the hardwired response that rats and other organisms give as a response to a loud and unexpected noise?

Answer 24

The acoustic startle reflex

Question 25

The degree of familiarity an organism has with a particular object in the environment can be inferred from which task?

Answer 25

A novel object recognition task

Question 26

Which process of learning best explains why WyKeshia reacts strongly to rumbling sounds post-accident?

Answer 26

Sensitization

Question 27

Which process of learning best explains why Blanche no longer responds so strongly to her loud neighbors?

Answer 27

Habituation

Question 28

Which type of synaptic changes occur during sensitization?

Answer 28

Heterosynaptic changes

Question 29

What is a change in the skin’s electrical conductivity associated with emotions such as anxiety, fear, or surprise?

Answer 29

Electrodermal activity (EDR)

Question 30

Which type of exposure-based learning would allow you to distinguish between Dasani and Fuji water?

Answer 30

Perceptual learning

Question 31

Jose no longer notices the smell of subway due to which type of non-associative learning?

Answer 31

Habituation

Question 32

Which area of the brain is critical for classical conditioning?

Answer 32

The cerebellum

Question 33

What is the name for the type of conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus is a positive event?

Answer 33

Appetitive conditioning

Question 34

How will Sniffy's future responses change based on the Rescorla-Wagner model of blocking after not receiving food?

Answer 34

His responses to the light will not change

Question 35

In Susan's scenario, what is the conditioned response?

Answer 35

Susan feeling nervous in response to the classroom

Question 36

When does an electrical spike occur in animals that have been classically conditioned to respond to a stimulus?

Answer 36

After presentation of the conditioned stimulus and before the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 37

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model of blocking, what type of future response will an organism make if they commit a positive error during training?

Answer 37

The organism will have a strengthened responses to the CS

Question 38

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 38

A stimulus that naturally creates a response

Question 39

What happens at the synaptic level when CREB-1 is suppressed and CREB-2 is activated?

Answer 39

No new synapses will be formed

Question 40

Which theory of conditioning proposes that the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the conditioned stimulus is processed?

Answer 40

CS modulation theory

Question 41

Which structure in the cerebellar deep nuclei stores information about the association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli?

Answer 41

Interpositus nucleus

Question 42

Which brain area plays a role in learning the association between discriminative stimuli and responses?

Answer 42

The deep cerebellar nuclei, the globus pallidus, the orbitofrontal cortex, or the dorsal striatum.

Question 43

Which neurotransmitter plays a key role in the 'wanting' response to reinforcement?

Answer 43

Dopamine.

Question 44

What type of reinforcement schedule is Cho using when she eats m&ms after every 30 minutes of studying?

Answer 44

Fixed interval.

Question 45

Spanking is an example of _____________.

Answer 45

Positive punishment.

Question 46

What is the name of the process in which organisms are gradually trained to execute complicated sequences of responses?

Answer 46

Chaining.

Question 47

Which of the following factors determines the effectiveness of a punisher?

Answer 47

All of the options listed are correct.

Question 48

What are concurrent schedules of reinforcement?

Answer 48

Schedules of reinforcement that are simultaneously available to an organism.

Question 49

When the African Pouched Rats were trained to sniff out landmines, what was the discriminative stimulus?

Answer 49

The TNT odor.

Question 50

In Jim's scenario, what is the discriminative stimulus?

Answer 50

Jim’s whistling.

Question 51

What is a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future?

Answer 51

Reinforcer.

Question 52

Which similarity-based approach to categorization involves comparing new stimuli to multiple members of a category and does NOT require any abstraction?

Answer 52

The exemplar approach

Question 53

Which model of generalization depicts each stimulus (or stimulus feature) as corresponding to a single element (or node)?

Answer 53

Discrete-component representation model

Question 54

In the Guttman and Kalish (1956) study, which colors received the most pecks?

Answer 54

Yellow

Question 55

Based upon the discrete-components model, how frequently should the pigeon respond to the tones?

Answer 55

The pigeon should respond most to the 1000 Hz tone and frequently respond to the 950 Hz tone

Question 56

What is the process by which animals or people learn to respond differently to different stimuli?

Answer 56

Discrimination learning

Question 57

In the Jenkins and Harrison (1962) study, which group of pigeons gave narrowly-focused responses to the 1000-Hz tone?

Answer 57

The birds who experienced discrimination training

Question 58

Adam is learning to identify various shapes. He knows that a shape is a square if it has four equal sides and four right angles. Adam is using which approach of categorization?

Answer 58

Rule-based approach

Question 59

Which area of the brain operates as an 'information gateway' and is involved in how associations are represented?

Answer 59

The hippocampal region

Question 60

Which method of category learning is best for learning to generalize across categories?

Answer 60

Interleaving

Question 61

What is a mental idea based upon experiences with the world?

Answer 61

Concept

Question 62

Which brain area is critical for working memory functioning and cognitive control?

Answer 62

The prefrontal cortex

Question 63

What is the issue with learning new rules despite feedback in individuals with dysexecutive syndrome called?

Answer 63

Perseveration

Question 64

Which type of cognitive task explores behaviors related to stimulus attention and response inhibition?

Answer 64

Stroop task

Question 65

Which area of the prefrontal cortex maintains phonological information?

Answer 65

The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 66

Which process is used to keep information active in short-term memory?

Answer 66

Rehearsal

Question 67

Which component of Baddeley's Working Memory Model is the most complex and manipulates information in short-term memory?

Answer 67

The central executive

Question 68

Roughly how long does information last in short-term memory without rehearsal?

Answer 68

30 seconds

Question 69

Which memory store in Atkinson and Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory has a large capacity but brief duration?

Answer 69

Sensory memory

Question 70

Which task measures an organism's visual memory performance and accuracy?

Answer 70

Delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task

Question 71

Which component of Baddeley's Working Memory Model is responsible for mentally rehearsing a phone number?

Answer 71

The phonological loop

Question 72

Which brain area is critical for working memory functioning and cognitive control?

Answer 72

The prefrontal cortex

Question 73

What is the issue with learning new rules despite feedback in individuals with dysexecutive syndrome called?

Answer 73

Perseveration

Question 74

Which type of cognitive task explores behaviors related to stimulus attention and response inhibition?

Answer 74

Stroop task

Question 75

Which area of the prefrontal cortex maintains phonological information?

Answer 75

The left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 76

Which process is used to keep information active in short-term memory?

Answer 76

Rehearsal

Question 77

Which component of Baddeley's Working Memory Model is the most complex and manipulates information in short-term memory?

Answer 77

The central executive

Question 78

Roughly how long does information last in short-term memory without rehearsal?

Answer 78

30 seconds

Question 79

Which memory store in Atkinson and Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory has a large capacity but brief duration?

Answer 79

Sensory memory

Question 80

Which task measures an organism's visual memory performance and accuracy?

Answer 80

Delayed nonmatch-to-sample (DNMS) task

Question 81

Which component of Baddeley's Working Memory Model is responsible for mentally rehearsing a phone number?

Answer 81

The phonological loop

Question 82

Which of the following is NOT one of the emotions suspected to be hardwired from birth?

Answer 82

Jealousy

Question 83

According to which theory of emotion do conscious emotional feelings result from both bodily responses and cognitive appraisal of an emotional stimulus?

Answer 83

The Two-Factor theory

Question 84

What is the name for a classically conditioned response that is produced in response to a conditioned stimulus being paired with an emotion-evoking unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 84

Conditioned emotional response

Question 85

What are the 2 main stress hormones released during the fight-or-flight response?

Answer 85

Epinephrine and glucocorticoids

Question 86

An animal who is trained that an aversive stimulus, such as a shock, is inescapable may demonstrate which phenomena?

Answer 86

Learned helplessness

Question 87

Which type of brain activity is observed in patients with PTSD?

Answer 87

All options listed are correct

Question 88

What type of outcome occurred from this lineup identification?

Answer 88

Correct rejection

Question 89

What is the name for the finding that outside information can contaminate memory for an event and actually distort memory for the original event?

Answer 89

The misinformation effect

Question 90

In the Loftus et al. (1987) study, the group who saw images of an armed robbery spent the longest amount of time looking at what object in the images?

Answer 90

The weapon

Question 91

What is the lineup type in which there is one suspect embedded amongst several fillers?

Answer 91

Single-suspect model