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1
Q

What is the data recorded overseas?

A
  • Daily mean temp
  • Daily total Rainfall
  • Daily mean pressure
  • Daily mean windspeed
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2
Q

How is wind direction and speed measured?

A

1.Knot over 24 hours
2.Bearings
3.Beaufort scale 0-13
4.averaged over 24 hrs from midnight to midnight

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3
Q

How is maximum gust measured?

A

knots
-highest instantaneous windspeed recorded
-direction from which max gust was blowing is also recorded

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4
Q

How is humidity measured?

A
  1. Percentage of air saturation with water vapour
  2. Greater than 95% is mist or fog
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5
Q

knot to mph

A

1 knot = 1.15 mph

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6
Q

October 1987

A
  1. Great storm- UK
  2. Hurricane floyd- Jacksonville, florida
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7
Q

October 2015

A

Hurricance Joaquin- Jacksonville

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8
Q

Winter months in Perth? [and why]

A

July- SeptemberSouthern hemisphere

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9
Q

Which months of the Large Data Set only have 30 days?

A

June and September

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10
Q

Where are the UK weather stations in the Large Data Set situated, from North to South?

A
  1. Leuchars 2. Leeming 3. Heathrow 4. Hurn 5. Camborne
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11
Q

In which cities are the three international weather stations of the Large Data Set situated?

A
  1. Beijing 2. Jacksonville 3. Perth
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12
Q

What variables are recorded for the Large Data Set?

A
  1. Daily Mean Temperature
    1. Daily Total Rainfall
    1. Daily Total Sunshine
    1. Daily Maximum Relative Humidity
    1. Daily Mean Windspeed
    1. Daily Maximum Gust
    1. Daily Mean Wind Direction
    1. Daily Maximum Gust Direction
    1. Daily Mean Cloud Coverage
      10.10. Pressure
      11.11. Visibility
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13
Q

What is daily mean temperature measured in?

A

Degrees Celsius, to 1 decimal place.

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14
Q

What is the highest individual temperature recorded in the Large Data Set?

A

32.5° (Beijing)

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15
Q

What is daily total rainfall measured in? [and what does it include]

A

Millimetres, to 1 decimal place. -includes solid precipitation (eg snow and hail) which is melted before being included in measurements

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16
Q

What does “trace” mean, when considering daily total rainfall? [what should you do with these?]

A

Less than 0.05mm of rainfall has been recorded. -should be included in calcs and set to 0

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17
Q

What is daily total sunshine measured in?

A

Hours of bright light, to 1 decimal place. -nearest tenth of an hour

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18
Q

What is the definition of daily mean visibility?

A

The greatest horizontal distance at which an object can be seen in daylight.

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19
Q

What is visibility measured in?

A

Decametres (Dm)

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20
Q

What is pressure measured in?

A

Hectopascals (hPa)

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21
Q

What is daily mean cloud coverage measured in? [what type of variable is this?]

A

Oktas (i.e. how many eighths of the sky are covered) -discrete variable

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22
Q

If a temperature reading is above 20°C, where is it likely to have been taken from?

A

Beijing or Jacksonville

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23
Q

What is a population?

A

The whole set (collection) of items that are of interest

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24
Q

What is a sample?

A

A subset of the population intended to represent the population

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25
What is a sampling unit?
Each individual thing that can be sampled
26
What is a sampling frame?
When all sampling units of a population are individually named or numbered to form a list
27
What is a census?
Data collected from the entire population (when every member of population is investigated)
28
Advantage of census
Gives completely accurate result
29
Disadvantages of census
-time consuming and expensive -cant be used when testing involves destruction -large volume of data to process
30
Advantages of sample
-Cheaper and quicker -less data to process than census
31
Disadvantages of sample
-data may not be accurate -data may not be large enough to represent small sub-groups
32
what is the whole set of items that are of interest called?
-the population
33
what is the subset of the population intended to represent the population called?
-sample
34
what is each individual thing that can be sampled called?
-the sampling unit
35
what is it called when units of a population are individually named or numbered to form a list?
-a sampling frame
36
what is data collected from the entire population called?
-the census
37
how do you carry out simple random sampling?
-sort items into a sampling frame so each item has an identifying number (from 1 to max num) -use random number generator or 'lottery sampling' (names in hat) -the people or things corresponding to these numbers chosen become the sample
38
what does simple random sampling ensure?
-that every sample has an equal chance of being selected
39
advantages of simple random sampling
-bias free -easy and cheap to implement -each number has a known equal chance of being selected
40
disadvantages of simple random sampling
-sampling frame needed (which may not exist) -not suitable when population is large
41
how to carry out systematic sampling
-take every kth element -starting at a random item between 1 and k
42
how to calculate k in systematic sampling
-population size (N)/sample size (N)
43
what does systematic sampling do?
-ensures that required elements are chosen at regular intervals
44
advantages of systematic sampling
-simple,easy and quick to do -suitable for large samples or populations
45
disadvantages of systematic sampling
-requires a sampling frame -can introduce bias if the sampling frame is not random
46
how to carry out stratified sampling
-population is divided into groups (strata) -create a sampling frame for each stratum (numbered from 1 to n where n is number of people/things in stratum) -then a simple random sample is carried out in each group -same proportion sampled from each strata
47
when is stratified sampling used?
-when the sample is large and the population naturally divides into groups
48
advantages of stratified sampling
-reflects population structure -guarantees proportional representation of groups within population
49
disadvantages of stratified sampling
-population must be clearly classified into distinct strata -selection within stratum suffers from same disadvantages as simple random sampling (sampling frame needed, not suitable when population is large)
50
how to carry out quota sampling
-population divided into groups according to characteristic -a quota of items/people in each group is set to try and reflect the groups proportion in the whole population -interviewer selects actual sampling units
51
pros of quota sampling
-allows small sample to still be representative of population -no sampling frame needed -quick, easy, inexpensive -allows for easy comparison between diff groups in population
52
cons of quota sampling
-non random sampling can introduce bias -population must be divided into groups which can be costly or inaccurate -increasing scope of study increases num of groups adding time/ expense -non responses not recorded
53
how to carry out opportunity or convenience sampling
-sample taken from people who are available at time of study, who meet criteria
54
pros of convenience sampling
-easy to carry out -inexpensive
55
cons of convenience sampling
-unlikely to provide representative sample -highly dependant on individual researcher -not random
56
what are the 2 types of data?
-qualitative and quantitative
57
what is qualitative data?
-non numerical values (eg colour)
58
what is quantitative data?
-numerical values
59
what groups can quantitative data be split into?
-discrete and continuous
60
what is discrete data? [and how is it usually represented]
-data which can only take specific values (eg shoe size, num of children) -usually represented on bar chart
61
what is continuous data? [and how is it usually represented]
-can take any decimal value (possibly with specified range) -demonstrated on histogram
62
What dates is weather in large data set measured from?
-May to October 1987 -May to October 2015
63
What is a knot?
A nautical mile per hour
64
n/a in large data set meaning
-missing data values in the large data set
65
What data is given in the beaufort scale table? [2 things]
-descriptive term -average speed at 10 metres above ground
66
When would you choose to use a census?
-when the population is known and easily accessed
67
When would you choose to use a sample rather than a census?
-when the population is known but it is too time consuming or expensive to interview all of them
68
How can random numbers be used to select a sample?
-random num generator -ignore repeats
69
What are two possible reasons for n/a values being obtained in the large data set?
-equipment didn't work -equipment malfunctioned
70
What do you do with n/a values obtained in the large data set?
-ignore the day recorded and exclude from any calculations
71
Coastal regions in the UK
-Leuchars -Hurn -Camborne
72
Inland regions in UK
-Leeming -Heathrow
73
Coastal regions outside the UK
-jacksonville -perth
74
inland regions outside the uk
beijing
75
Range of times covered for daily mean temp? [how long]
9-9 -24 hours
76
Range of times covered for daily total rainfall
9-9 (24 hours)
77
Decametres
10m
78
How is knot direction measured?
-degrees to nearest 10 degrees -from true north
79
Comparison of temp in Beijing vs Jacksonville
-Beijing has hottest days recorded -but Jacksonville hotter than Beijing on average
80
Which measurements of weather shouldn't be measured using a normal distribution? [explanation for each]
-windspeed (Beaufort) as it is qualitative -data as it is uniformly distributed -rainfall as it is not bell shaped -daily mean pressure (skewed) -daily mean windspeed (not symmetric)
81
Which types of cities tend to be windier?
coastal
82
When does it rain most in UK?
aug
83
What are the hottest months in the LDS? [exception]
-June/August -except for Perth (hottest in Oct and coldest in June)
84
Why is perth hottest in oct?
australian summer not recorded in LDS

Applied Maths (3 decks)

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