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Question 1

Caesaropapism

Answer 1

A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

Question 2

Constantinople

Answer 2

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Question 3

Hagia Sophia

Answer 3

The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Question 4

Iconoclasm

Answer 4

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

Question 5

Greek Fire

Answer 5

Byzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back the Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople

Question 6

Kievan Rus

Answer 6

A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term “Russia”. It was greatly influenced by Byzantine

Question 7

Eastern Orthodoxy - The Great Schism

Answer 7

Was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Catholic Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.

Question 8

Manzikert (1071)

Answer 8

The Byzantine defeat at Manzikert (Malazgirt in Turkish) by the Seljuk Turks was a severe blow to the Byzantine empire’s control of Anatolia. The Seljuks were led by Alp Arslan, while Emperor Romanus IV led the Byzantines. The Byzantines split their forces in half before the battle by sending general Joseph Tarchaneiotes to Khliat, and were further weakened by the desertion of Andronicus Dukas. The Byzantine emperor was captured in the battle, but released by Alp Arslan after signing a peace treaty. Romanus IV was later deposed and blinded.

Question 9

Gregory of Tours

Answer 9

literate monk who wrote the History of the Franks and some of the other few surviving histories of the Early Middle Ages

Question 10

Papacy

Answer 10

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Question 11

Sacraments

Answer 11

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church

Question 12

Relics

Answer 12

valued holy objects from the past

Question 13

Excommunication

Answer 13

Banishment from the church

Question 14

Monasticism

Answer 14

The practice of living the life of a monk

Question 15

Feudalism

Answer 15

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Question 16

Manor System

Answer 16

an economic system of exchanging land use and protection for goods and services

Question 17

Guilds

Answer 17

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Question 18

Chivalry

Answer 18

Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

Question 19

Charles Martel

Answer 19

Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

Question 20

Charlemagne

Answer 20

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe

Question 21

Vikings

Answer 21

Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia

Question 22

Eric the Red

Answer 22

Norwegian adventurer who founded a colony on Greenland

Question 23

Leif Ericsson

Answer 23

late 900’s early 1000’s son of Eric the Red; sailed to North America in about 1000 and explored what is today know as Newfoundland

Question 24

Holy Roman Empire

Answer 24

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Question 25

Otto I

Answer 25

10th century ruler who became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church

Question 26

William the Conqueror

Answer 26

duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England

Question 27

Lay Investiture

Answer 27

A ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials

Question 28

Pope Urban II

Answer 28

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Question 29

Crusades

Answer 29

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Question 30

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Answer 30

a Catholic kingdom, or Crusader State, established in what is now Israel by European lords from 1099 to 1291

Question 31

Knights Templar

Answer 31

Secretive group built to protect pilgrims on the road to the holy land.

Question 32

Richard Lionheart

Answer 32

An English king who lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin.

Question 33

King Louis IX

Answer 33

a religious French king who improved royal government

Question 34

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 34

Dominican and church's greatest theologian, formed Catholics understanding of natural law

Question 35

Scholasticism

Answer 35

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Question 36

Hanseatic League

Answer 36

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Question 37

Reconquista

Answer 37

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Question 38

Marco Polo

Answer 38

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.