#1 + #2 + #3 Flashcards
1
Q
Define active voice
A
Subject of the sentence performs the action
2
Q
Example of active voice
A
Anthony drove while Toni searched for the house
3
Q
Non example of active voice
A
The car was driven by Anthony
4
Q
Impact on text through active voice
A
This improves clarity.
5
Q
Define allusion
A
Indirect reference to something
6
Q
Example of allusion
A
She had the feeling she had a golden ticket. (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory)
7
Q
Impact on text through allusion
A
Deepens the readers understanding by creating a connection between the work and the reference
8
Q
Define anecdote
A
Brief recounting of a relevant episode
9
Q
Example of anecdote
A
“Back in my day I had to walk three miles to the watering hole just to brush my teeth.”
10
Q
Impact on text through anecdote
A
Develops a point or injecting humor
11
Q
Define antecedent
A
The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.
12
Q
Example of antecedent
A
“If I could command the wealth of all the world by lifting my finger, I would not pay such a price for it.”
- “What is the antecedent for it”?
13
Q
Classicism Example
A
Iliad and Odyssey by Homer.
14
Q
Define Classicism
A
Art or literature characterized by a realistic view of people and the world; sticks to traditional themes and structures.
15
Q
Define comic relief
A
When a humorous scene is inserted into a serious story
16
Q
Comic relief example
A
Timon and Pumba from The Lion King
17
Q
Comic relief impact on text
A
Lighten the mood during a dark scene.
18
Q
Define Diction
A
Word choice.
19
Q
Define colloquial
A
Ordinary or familiar type of conversation
20
Q
Example of colloquial
A
It’s the difference between “What are you going to do?” and “Whatchagonnado?”
21
Q
Impact on text through colloquial
A
Makes writing less formal and more approachable. Used as a literacy device to make characters dialogue sound more authentic
22
Q
Define connotation
A
The associations suggested by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning.
23
Q
Define denotation
A
Literal meaning of a word without connotations.
24
Q
Define jargon
A
The diction used by a group which practices a similar profession or activity.
25
Jargon example
Internet advertising jargon includes the terms "click throughs" and "page views."
26
Impact of text through jargon
Efficiency in communication of complex ideas in the form of shorthand words and phrases who have been trained to speak the language
27
Define vernacular
Language or dialect of a particular country, regional clan, or group. Plain everyday speech
28
Define didactic
Term to describe fiction, nonfiction, or poetry that teaches a specific lesson or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
29
Didactic example
If you heard that a movie is overly didactic, that's probably not good. Most people want to see a story and be entertained when going to the movies, and if it feels like the movie is just telling you what to think, that's didactic in a bad way.
30
Define adage
A folk saying with a lesson
31
Example of adage
"early to bed, early to rise"
32
Impact on text through adage
Can connect to the audience and make the text more memorable.
33
Define allegory
Story, fictional or non fictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. Interaction through these elements is meant to reveal a truth.
34
Example of allegory
telling a story where alligators represent evil forces snapping at humanity.
35
Impact on text through allegory
to express large, complex ideas in an approachable manner.
36
Define aphorism
A terse statement which expresses a general truth or moral principle.
37
Example of aphorism
"People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones."
38
Impact of aphorism
allow people to convey an idea or even a worldview using just a few words.
39
Define ellipsis
The deliberate omission of a word or phrase from prose done for effect by the author.
40
Ellipsis example
The plural of ellipsis is…ellipses.
41
Ellipsis impact on text
Indicating omissions, creating dramatic effect, and showing hesitancy or unfinished thoughts
42
Define Euphemism
A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts.
43
Example of euphemism
The military is also notorious for using euphemisms, like saying "neutralizing the target" instead of "killing someone."
44
Impact of text through euphemism
Allow writers to address delicate or distressing topics with greater sensitivity, showing respect for the audience's feelings.
45
Define Figurative Language
Writing that is not meant to be taken literally.
46
Define Analogy
Comparison of one pair of variables to a parallel set of variables.
47
Example of analogy
if a scientist explains that the earth's forests function as its lungs, we understand the analogy to mean that both trees and lungs take in important elements from the air
48
Impact of analogy in text
Supports logic, present rational arguments, and back up ideas by showing the relationship between disparate things.
49
Define hyperbole
Exaggeration
50
Example of hyperbole
Praising your favorite sports team is one thing, but if you call the team the most incredible group of humans ever to walk the earth
51
Impact of hyperbole in text
to emphasize ordinary human emotions in a way that makes them extraordinary. This creates an effect that grabs the reader's attention more than ordinary language would.
52
Define idiom
A common, often used expression that doesn’t make sense if you take it literally.
53
Example of idiom
“Costs an arm and a leg.”
54
Impact on text through idioms
Writers often use idioms in dialogue in order to create realistic voices for their characters, and using idioms can also more generally make writing seem more accessible.
55
Define metaphor
Making an implied comparison, not using “like,” as,” or other such words
56
Metaphor example
A heart of gold
57
Metaphor non example
That car is like a rocket
58
Metaphors impact on the text
Metaphors creates images that are easier to understand and respond to than literal language. Metaphorical language activates the imagination, and the writer is more able to convey emotions and impressions through metaphor.
59
Define metonymy
Replacing an actual word or idea, with a related word or concept.
60
Example of metonymy
“I could not understand his tongue,” means his language or his speech.
61
Impact of metonymy
Metonymy can create new imagery, making words more powerful, and conveying a complex idea or emotion in a more concise way.
62
Define synecdoche
A kind of metonymy when a whole is represented by naming one of its parts, or vice versa.
63
Example of synecdoche
your parents buy you a car and you say that you just got a new set of wheels
64
Impact of using synecdoche
It helps emphasize important themes for your reader and to make the imagery in your writing more vivid.
65
Define simile
Using words such as “like” or “as” to make a direct comparison between two very different things.
66
Example of simile
Shine like a diamond
67
Non example of simile
The stars are sparkling diamonds
68
Impact of text by simile
Using similes can create a figurative comparison, and the reader is forced to think about how those two separate objects are similar.
69
Define Synesthesia
a figure of speech in which an author appeals to more than one of the five senses
70
Example of synesthesia
bright field of wildflowers smelled like purple, magenta, yellow, white and green.
71
Impact of synesthesia
incorporate multiple senses into their descriptions to make them more vivid.
72
Define personification
Giving human-like qualities to something that is not human.
73
Example of personification
The flowers danced to the wind
74
Personification impact on text
Personification can lend atmosphere to a setting or give lifelikeness to an object or animal that might otherwise seem dull.
75
Define foreshadowing
When an author gives hints about what will occur later in a story.
76
Example of foreshadowing
The author of a mystery novel might use foreshadowing in an early chapter of her book to give readers an inkling of an impending murder
77
Impact of foreshadowing
Foreshadowing is useful for creating suspense, a feeling of unease, a sense of curiosity, or a mark that things may not be as they seem.
78
Define genre
The major category into which a literary work fits.
79
Define gothic
Writing characterized by gloom, mystery, fear and/or death.
80
Example of gothic
Edgar Allan Poe writings
81
Define imagery
Word or words that create a picture in the reader's mind. Usually this involves the five senses.
82
Imagery example
The air smelled salty, reminding me that the beach is nearby.
83
Imagery's impact on text
It engages the senses to deepen the reader's comprehension of what is happening and how to feel about it.
84
Define invective
A long, emotionally violent, attack using strong, abusive language.
85
Invective example
"you dirty rotten scoundrel."
86
Impact of invective
Invective is used to attack, belittle, or frighten an adversary.
87
Define irony
When the opposite of what you expect to happen does.
88
Define Verbal Irony
When you say something and mean the opposite/something different.
89
Verbal Irony example
If your gym teacher wants you to run a mile in eight minutes or faster, but calls it a "walk in the park"
90
Impact of verbal Irony
Often to emphasize a point, express humor, or level a sharp criticism.
91
Define dramatic irony
When the audience of a drama, play, movie, etc. knows something that the character doesn't and would be surprised to find out.
92
Example of dramatic irony
In many horror movies, we (the audience) know who the killer is, which the victim-to-be has no idea who is doing the slaying. Sometimes the character trusts the killer completely when (ironically) he/she shouldn't.
93
Impact of dramatic irony
Creates contrast, tension, and suspense in writing. It can also be used for comedy by letting readers in on a joke.
94
Define situational irony
Found in the plot (or story line) of a book, story, or movie. Sometimes it makes you laugh because it's funny how things turn out.
95
Example of situational irony
Johnny spent two hours planning on sneaking into the movie theater and missed the movie. When he finally did manage to sneak inside he found out that kids were admitted free that day.
96
Impact of situational irony
For comedic effect, tragedy, to teach, or to introduce a surprise twist at a critical moment in a developing plot or poem.
97
Define juxtaposition
Placing things side by side for the purposes of comparison.
98
Example of juxtaposition
War and peace.
99
Impact of juxtaposition
Authors often use juxtaposition of ideas or examples in order to make a point.
100
Define mood
The atmosphere created by the literature and accomplished through word choice (diction).
101
Define motif
a recurring idea in a piece of literature.
102
Example of motif
In To Kill a Mockingbird, the idea that “you never really understand another person until you consider things from his or her point of view”
103
Impact of motif
Highlight something about a character, to help us understand them better, or it can help to establish the mood of the story
104
Define oxymoron
When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox
105
Example of oxymoron
“jumbo shrimp.”
106
Impact of oxymoron
Creates irony, suspense, or to add comedy to a piece of literature.
107
Define pacing
The speed or tempo of an author’s writing
108
Example of pacing
think of a fight scene you've read; fast, sluggish, stabbing, vibrato, staccato, measured, etc.
109
Impact of pacing
Maintaining reader interest, building tension, and conveying the desired emotional impact.
110
Define paradox
A seemingly contradictory situation which is actually true.
111
Example of paradox
You can't get a job without experience, and you can't get experience without getting a job.
112
Impact of paradox
Cause the reader to think more critically about the ideas in the text. The use of this device engages the reader further into a text by creating a temporary confusion that can only be remedied by deeper consideration and thought.
113
Define parallelism
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns.
114
Parallelism example
"I came, I saw, I conquered" is an example of parallelism because each phrase begins with I and they all agree grammatically as well as in meaning.
115
Impact of parallelism
Parallelism is used to add emphasis, organization, or sometimes pacing to writing
116
Define anaphora
Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row.
117
Anaphora example
“I came, I saw, I conquered.”
118
Impact of anaphora
This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.
119
Define chiasmus
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed.
120
Chiasmus example
Fair is foul and foul is fair.
121
Impact of chiasmus
Creates a memorable rhythm and deepens the idea through contrast, which makes this a very powerful part of the poem
122
Define antithesis
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure.
123
Anthesis example
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times
124
Anthesis impact on text
Enhances your writing by illuminating differences and making your point more persuasive.
125
Define zeugma (syllepsis)
When a single word governs or modifies two or more other words, and the meaning of the first word must change for each of the other words it governs or modifies.
126
Example of zeugma (syllepsis)
“I quickly dressed myself and the salad.”
127
Impact of zeugma (syllepsis)
Using a single verb or noun to govern two other parts of a sentence, even though it doesn't truly make sense with both. This slight tension causes the reader to pause and can create a concise moment of drama or humor.
128
Define parenthetical Idea
Parentheses are used to set off an idea from the rest of the sentence.
129
Parenthetical Idea example
In a short time (and the time is getting shorter by the gallon) America will be out of oil.
130
Impact of parenthetical idea
It is almost considered an aside, a whisper, and should be used sparingly for effect, rather than repeatedly. Parentheses can also be used to set off dates and numbers.
131
Define parody
An exaggerated imitation of a serious work for humorous purposes. It borrows words or phrases from an original, and pokes fun at it
132
Parody example
The Simpsons often parody Shakespeare plays
133
Define Persona
The fictional mask or narrator that tells a story.
134
Define poetic device
A device used in poetry to manipulate the sound of words, sentences or lines.
135
Define alliteration
Repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of words
136
Alliteration example
Sally sell sea shells by the sea shore
137
Alliteration impact
Gives a poetic flow to your spoken language, and makes key messages more memorable
138
Assonance definition
The repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds
139
Assonance example
From the molten golden notes
140
Assonance impact
The repetition created by assonance enhances your writing with rhythm, mood, and emphasis
141
Consonance definition
Repetition of the same consonant sound at the end of words or within words
142
Consonance example
Some late visitor entreating at my chamber door
143
Consonance impact
emphasizing certain ideas through sound.
144
Onomatopoeia definition
The use of a word which imitates or suggest the sound that the thing makes
145
Onomatopoeia example
Snap, rustle, boom, murmur
146
Onomatopoeia impact
It can add excitement, action, and interest by allowing the reader to hear and remember your writing.
147
Internal rhyme definition
When a line of poetry contains a rhyme within a single line
148
Internal rhyme example
The rhyming and the chiming of the bells
149
Internal rhyme impact
add more musical quality to a poem and it as well help to create cohesion within a line or stanza.
150
Slant rhyme definition
Rhyme but the two words do not rhyme exactly
151
Slant rhyme example
I sat upon a stone
152
Slant rhyme impact
adds a layer of complexity to the mood and tone of a poem by creating subtle connections between words that are not perfect rhymes.
153
End rhyme definition
When the last word or two different lines of poetry rhyme
154
End rhyme example
Roses are red violets are blue
155
End rhyme impact
End rhymes can make the words more memorable and easier to memorise for readers / listeners
156
Rhyme scheme definition
The pattern of a poems end rhymes.
157
Rhyme scheme example
Rhyme scheme: a b a b c d c d
158
Rhyme scheme impact
It creates a particular atmosphere and mood, and it can shape the way we respond to the themes in the poem.
159
Define
Stressed and unstressed syllables
In every word of more than one syllable, one of the syllables is stressed or said with more force than the syllable(s).
160
Stressed and unstressed syllables example
In the name Nathan the first syllable is stressed. In the word unhappiness the second of the 4 syllables is stressed.
161
Stressed and unstressed syllables impact
A stressed syllable is pronounced with more emphasis or force, making it stand out, while an unstressed syllable is softer and less pronounced. Together, they create a pattern that helps establish the meter, which is essential for scansion, the process of analyzing a poem's rhythm.
162
Meter definition
A regular pattern to the syllables in lines of poetry
163
Meter example
“Twas the night before Christmas when all through the house, not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.” Here, the meter pattern is: unstressed unstressed stressed, unstressed unstressed stressed.”
164
Meter impact
create a sense of order, emphasize certain words or themes, and contribute to the overall emotional impact of a piece.
165
Free verse definition
Poetry that doesn’t have much meter or rhyme.
166
Free verse example
I carry your heart with me
167
Free verse impact
allows poets to explore themes and emotions without the constraints of traditional structure,
168
Iambic pentameter definition
Poetry that is written in lines of 10 syllables, alternating stressed and unstressed syllables.
169
Iambic pentameter example
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?”
170
Iambic pentameter impact
create a pleasing rhythm in the reader's ear and make the text more musical and memorable
171
Sonnet definition
A 14 line poem written in iambic pentameter. Usually divided into three quatrains and a couplet.
172
Sonnet example
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
173
Sonnet impact
emotional depth and technical brilliance.
174
Polysyndeton definition
When a writer creates a list of items which are all separated by conjunctions. Normally, a conjunction is used only before the last item in a list.
175
Polysyndeton example
“I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and milked the cows.” “Or if a soul touch any unclean thing, whether it be a carcass of an unclean beast, or a carcass of unclean cattle, or the carcass of unclean creeping things…he also shall be unclean.”
176
Polysyndeton impact
Polysyndeton is often used to slow down the pace of the writing and/or add an authoritative tone.
177
Pun definition
When a word that has two or more meanings is used in a humorous way.
178
Pun example
“I was stirred by his cooking lesson.”
179
Pun impact
Puns in writing are most often used in a humorous way, to elicit a “jokey” tone, but they can also be used to enhance a reader’s interpretation, show off a clever use of language, or generate irony.
180
Define rhetoric
The art of effective communication.
181
Define Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle
The relationships in a piece of writing or a speech among the speaker/writer, the event(s) or experiences that inspired the subject (exigence), the audience, the message, the author's purpose, and the appeals, tools, and techniques used to achieve that purpose. Context (history, environment, background information, culture) surround and influence every part of the triangle.
182
Define rhetorical question
Question not asked for information but for effect.
183
Rhetorical question example
The angry parent asked the child, ‘Are you finished interrupting me?’” In this case, the parent does not expect a reply, but simply wants to draw the child’s attention to the rudeness of interrupting.
184
Rhetorical question impact
Help convey the writer's perspective and get readers to agree with them. As a result, they are useful when the writer is trying to persuade the reader.
185
Define romanticism
Art or literature characterized by an idealistic, perhaps unrealistic view of people and the world, and an emphasis on nature
186
Romanticism example
The Hunchback of Notre Dame
187
Sarcasm definition
A generally bitter comment that is ironically or satirically worded.
188
Sarcasm example
Saying "they're really on top of things" to describe a group of people who are very disorganized.
189
Sarcasm impact
When used within literature, sarcasm is able to invoke humor, demonstrate cynicism, or add variety to a text.
190
Satire definition
A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect. Good satire usually has three layers: serious on the surface; humorous when you discover that it is satire instead of reality; and serious when you discern the underlying point of the author.
191
Satire example
South Park, The Simpsons, and Family Guy are modern examples of satire, although there are numerous other examples. Each of these examples uses humor, irony, and exaggeration to expose flaws in modern society.
192
Satire impact
It targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions..
193
Satire impact
It targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions..
194
Define sentence
A sentence is group of words (including subject and verb) that expresses a complete thought.
195
Define appositive
A word or group of words placed beside a noun or noun substitute to supplement its meaning.
196
Appositive example
“Bob, the lumber yard worker, spoke with Judy, an accountant from the city.”
197
Appositive impact
Adds bonus information to a noun phrase, without distracting from the rest of the sentence. Appositive phrases can help to define a noun phrase. Appositive phrases can combine simple sentences and help writing flow naturally.
198
Clause definition
A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. Independent clauses expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.
199
Balanced sentence (Parallelism) definition
A sentence in which two parallel elements are set off against each other like equal weights on a scale.
200
Balanced sentence example
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.”
201
Balanced sentence impact
Provide perspective for the intended audience, though the concept does not convey meaning by itself. Rather, the optimum grammar tools to convey meaning are, of course, words.
202
Compound sentence definition
Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
203
Compound sentence example
This house is too expensive, and that house is too small. This sentence is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses,
204
Complex sentence definition
Contains only one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
205
Complex sentence example
“If the path is beautiful, let us not ask where it leads.”
206
Cumulative sentence definition
When the writer begins with an independent clause, then adds subordinate elements.
207
Cumulative sentence example
“He doubted whether he could ever again appear before an audience, his confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration.”
208
Periodic sentence definition
When the main idea is not completed until the end of the sentence. The writer begins with subordinate element
209
Periodic sentence example
“His
confidence broken, his limbs shaking, his collar wet with perspiration, he doubted
whether he could ever again appear before an audience.”
210
Simple sentence definition
Contains only one independent clause
211
Simple sentence example
Joe waited for the train. "Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb.
212
Declarative sentence definition
States an idea. It does not give a command or request, nor does it ask a question.
213
Declarative sentence example
“The ball is round.”
214
Imperative sentence definition
Issues a command.
215
Imperative sentence example
“Kick the ball.”
216
Define Interrogative sentence
Sentences incorporating interrogative pronouns (what, which, who, whom, and whose).
217
Interrogative sentence example
“To whom did you kick the ball?”
218
Style definition
The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. Style may be conscious or unconscious.
219
Symbol definition
Anything that represents or stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete such as an object, actions, character...that represents something more abstract.
220
Symbol example
Whale in Moby Dick, the river and the jungle in Heart of Darkness, and the Raven in “The Raven.”
221
Symbol impact
writers can give their greater emotional impact and engage readers on a deeper level, allowing for a more immersive and memorable reading experience
222
Syntax/sentence variety definition
Grammatical arrangement of words. First, a reader should examine the length of sentences (short or long). How does sentence length and structure relate to tone and meaning. Are they simple, compound, compound-complex sentences? How do they relate to one another?
223
Theme definition
The central idea or message of a work. The theme may be directly stated in nonfiction works, although not necessarily. It is rarely stated directly in fiction.
224
Theme example
The central thematic concern of To Kill a Mockingbird addresses racial prejudice and social justice.
225
Thesis definition
The sentence or groups of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition. It should be short and clear.
226
Thesis example
In go kill a mockingbird the thesis is popular opinion is not always the right decision to make; it takes a lot of responsibility and courage to stand up for what is wrong while being the only one to believe that
227
Tone definition
A writer's attitude toward his subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language and organization. To identify tone, consider how the piece would sound if read aloud (or how the author wanted it to sound aloud).
228
Tone examples
Tone can be: playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, somber, etc.
229
Tone impact
The tone of a document can affect how the reader perceives the writer's intentions. These perceptions, in turn, can influence the reader's attitude toward the text and the writer.
230
Understatement definition
The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is.
231
Understatement example
Our defense played valiantly, and held the other team to merely eight touchdowns in the first quarter.”
232
Understatement impact
The effect can frequently be humorous. “
