1,2,9, 10,12,13,14,15,16

Question 1

Validity of IQ scores?

Answer 1

Concurrent validity-previously established measurement

Predictive validity-later performance

Question 2

Mental Age?

Answer 2

Age corresponding to the average individuals performance on an intelligence test

Question 3

Triarchic Model

Answer 3

Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Stemberg, positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical and creative

Question 4

LO 1.1 Explain why psychology is more than common sense

Answer 4

• Psychology is the scientific study of the mind, brain and behaviour
• Although r=we rely on our common sense to understand the psychological world, our intuitive understanding of ourselves and others is often mistaken
• Naive realism is the error in believing that we see the world precisely as it is. It can lead us to false beliefs about ourselves and the world, such as believing that our perceptions and memories are always accurate.

Question 5

2.2 describe the advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation, case studies, self report measures and surveys

Answer 5

All important research designs. N. O. Involves recording behaviours in real world settings but is often not carefully controlled. Case studies involve examining one or a few individuals over long periods of time. Useful in generating hypotheses but limited in testing them rigorously. Self report measures and surveys ask people about themselves; they can provide useful information but have response sets.

Question 6

2.3 Describe the roles of correlational designs and distinguish correlation from causation

Answer 6

Correlational designs allow us to establish the relations amount two or more measures, but do not allow causal conclusions.

Question 7

Availability heuristic

Answer 7

Heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence, based on the ease with which it comes to our mind.
Or “off the top of my head”

Question 8

Correlational Design

Answer 8

Research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated statistically

Question 9

Demand characteristics

Answer 9

Cues to generate guesses regarding hypothesis

Question 10

Inferential statistics

Answer 10

Allow us to determine how much we can generalize finding to full population

Question 11

Intellectual Disability

Answer 11

Condition characterized by an onset prior to adulthood. An IQ below about 70 and an inability to engage in adequate daily funcitoning + guillibility

Question 12

Interater reliability

Answer 12

Extent to which different people who conduct and interview or make behavioural observations agree on the characteristics they’re measuring

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

Extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure

Question 14

Positive impression management

Malingering

Answer 14

Tendency to make ourselves look better than we are

2. Tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed

Question 15

L.O. 1.6 Identify and explain texts six principles of scientific thinking

Answer 15

1. Ruling out rival hypotheses-Alternative explanations for meds like placebo should be considered
2. Correlation vs causation - Can we be sure A causes B?
3. Falsifiability- “We can’t design a study to disprove invisible energy field” -can claim be disproven
4. Replicability-can the results be duplicated?
5. Extraordinary claims- Bigfoot (extraordinary evidence?)
6. Occam’s Razor- UFO at frisbee tournament (KISS) parsimonious explanation

Question 16

9.8 Identify potential environmental influences on IQ

Answer 16

Schooling, poverty, nutrition

Question 17

9.7 Explain how genetic influences can be determined from family, twin and adoption studies

Answer 17

Twin and adoption studies suggest that at least some of the tendendency for IQ to run in families is genetically different influenced. Environmental effects. Heritability low, perhaps environmental an expression.

Question 18

9.6 Distinguish the unique characteristics of intellectual disability and mental giftedness

Answer 18

Mild, moderate, severe and profound intellectual disability. 85% mild. Terman’s study of gifted school children don’t “burn out”

Question 19

9.5 Describe tests of intelligence used today and evaluate the reliability and validity of IQ scores

Answer 19

IQ tests for adults such as the WAIS-IV and childrens WISC-IV
IQ tests predict job performance and physical health

Question 20

9.4 Explain the history of misuse of intelligence tests in Canada and the US

Answer 20

Eugenics movement IQ tests.

Question 21

9.3 Determind how psychologists determine/calculate IQ

Answer 21

Mental age divided by chronological age times 100.

Most modern intelligence tests define IQ in terms of deviation IQ.

Question 22

9.2 Describe the connection between intelligence and brain size and efficency

Answer 22

Moderately positively correlated, faster reaction times, working memory capacity

Question 23

Emotional intelligence

Answer 23

Ability to understand our own emotions and those of others.

Question 24

Divergent thinking

Convergent thinking

Answer 24

• Capacity to generate many different solutions to a problem

- capacity to generate single best solution to a problem

Question 25

Stereotype threat

Answer 25

Fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype

Question 26

Test bias

Answer 26

Tendency of a test to predict outcomes better in one group than another

Question 27

Within group heritability Between Group heritability

Answer 27

Extent to which variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced Extent to which the difference in a trait between groups is genetically influenced

Question 28

‘Cumulative deficit Flynn effect

Answer 28

A difference that grows over time Finding that average IQ scores have been rising at approximately thee points per decade

Question 29

Scientific Skepticism

Answer 29

Approach of evaluating claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

Question 30

Dangers of pseudoscience

Answer 30

opportunity cost Direct harm Blocks scientific thinking

Question 31

Logical fallacies

Answer 31

Emotional reasoning fallacy- using emotions rather than evidence Bandwagon fallacy - mistake of believing claim is correct like majority Not me fallacy- error of believing immune from errors

Question 32

Metaphysical claim

Answer 32

Assertion about the world that is not testable

Question 33

Psychology

Answer 33

Scientific study of the mind, brain and behaviour | Isn’t easy to define

Question 34

Levels of analysis

Answer 34

``` Socio-cultural = relating to others Psychological = mental or neurological Biological = molecular or neurochemical, molecules and brain structures ```

Question 35

Multiply determined

Answer 35

Caused by many factors

Question 36

L.O. 1.10 Describe how psychological research affects our daily lives

Answer 36

1. Basic research-how the mind might work 2. Applied research - how we can use basic research to solve real world problems 3. Advertising human faces on left of text 4. Sequential instead of simultaneous lineups

Question 37

L.O. 1.9 | Describe the two great debates that have shaped the field of psychology

Answer 37

Nature-nurture.. are behaviours attributed mostly to our genes (nature) or to our rearing environments (nurture) controversial Free will/determinism debate- insanity interferes with free will or not? Free will vs. Illusion of free will

Question 38

L.O. 1.8 Describe different types of psychologists and identify what each of them does

Answer 38

1. Clinical psychologist-research oriented, treat mental disorder 2. Counselling psychologist- work with life problems 3. School psychologist-learning difficulties 4. Developmental psychologist- study how and why people change over time 5. Experimental psychologist- research settings, memory, language and thinking 6. Biological psychologist-physiological bases of animals/ humans 7. Forensic psychologist- assess/diagnose inmates 8. Industrial organizational psychologist- psychologist maximize performance

Question 39

L.O. 1.5 Identify the key features of scientific skepticism

Answer 39

- Greek “Skeptikos” - to consider carefully - unwilling to accept on basis of authority alone - willingness to keep an open mind to all claims - willingness to accept claims only after careful scientific tests

Question 40

Critical thinking

Answer 40

Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open minded and careful fashion

Question 41

Introspection

Answer 41

Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences

Question 42

L.O. 1.7 Identify the major theoretical frameworks of psychology

Answer 42

Schools of psych… 1. Structuralism-E.B Titchner-aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experiences 2. Functionalism-William James-adaptive purposes of behaviour 3. Behaviourism-B.F. Skinner-general laws of learning 4. Cognitivism-Jean Piaget-thinking central to behaviour 5. Psychoanalysis-Sigmund Freud-internal psychological processes(subconscious)

Question 43

LO 1.4 Identify reasons we are drawn to pseudoscience

Answer 43

Our brains are predisposed to make order out of disorder and find sense in nonsense. Pareidolia: seeing meaningful images in meaningless visual stimuli Apophenia: perceiving meaningful connections amount unrelated and random phenomena

Question 44

Case Study?

Answer 44

Research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period

Question 45

Internal validity

Answer 45

Extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study

Question 46

External validity

Answer 46

Extent to which we can generalize findings to real world settings

Question 47

Naturalistic observation

Answer 47

Watching behaviour in real world settings without trying to manipulate situation

Question 48

Hindsight bias

Answer 48

Tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecasted known outcomes

Question 49

Overuse of ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Answer 49

Escape hatch or loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification

Question 50

Belief Perserverance

Answer 50

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

Question 51

Confirmation bias

Answer 51

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them

Question 52

LO 1.3 Describe psychological pseudoscience and distinguish it from psych. Science

Answer 52

Pseudoscience: a set of claims that seems scientific but isn’t Pseudoscience lacks the safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance that characterize science

Question 53

descriptive statistics

Answer 53

Numerical characterizations that describe data

Question 54

Culture fair IQ test

Answer 54

Abstract reasoning measure that doesn’t depend on language and is often believed to be less influenced by cultural factors than other IQ tests

Question 55

Wechsler Intelligence scale for children | Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence

Answer 55

WISC WPPSI = Widely used IQ tests for children

Question 56

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Answer 56

Most widely used initelligence test for adults today, consisting of 15 sub tests to asses different types of mental abilities

Question 57

Deviation IQ

Answer 57

Expression of a person’s IQ relative to his or her same aged peers

Question 58

IQ

Answer 58

Divide mental age by chronological age and mult. 100 | Systematic means of quantifying differences amount people in their intelligence

Question 59

Stanford-Binet IQ test

Answer 59

1916: intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford

Question 60

Double curse of incompetence

Answer 60

People with poor cognitive abilities are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities

Question 61

Howard Gardener’s Multiple Intelligences

Answer 61

Linguistic- speak and write well Logico mathematical-use logic/math skills solve problems spatial-reason about objects musical- perform, understand, enjoy music bodily-kinesthetic-sports, dance, physical endeavours interpersonal- interact effectively with others intrapersonal-understand and possess insight into self naturalistic-recognize identify and understand animals, plants, etc

Question 62

Multiple intelligences

Answer 62

Idea that people vary in their abilities across different domains of intellectual skill

Question 63

Advantages and disadavantages of reasearch designs

Answer 63

Nat. Obs. - A: high in ext. valid. D: Low in internal valid. Case Studies- A: existence proofs, insights for testing. D: anectdotal Correlational- A: predict behav. D: don’t infer causation Experimental- A: High internal valid. D: Low ext. valid.

Question 64

Individual differences

Answer 64

Variations amount people in their thinkin, emotion, personality, and behaviour

Question 65

LO 1.2 Explain the importance of science as a set of safeguards against biases

Answer 65

Protects us from ourselves | Confirmation bias, belief perserverance. Scientific method is a set of safeguards against these two errors.

Question 66

2.1 Identify heuristics and biases that prevent us from thinking scientifically about psychology

Answer 66

Representativeness and availability heuristics, | Hindsight bias and overconfidence

Question 67

2.4 Identify the components of an experiment and the potential pitfalls that can lead to faulty conclusions

Answer 67

Random assignment Manipulation of independent and dependent variable Placebo effects and experimenter expectancy effects are pitfalls

Question 68

2.5 Explain the ethical obligations of researchers toward their participants

Answer 68

Concerns about treatment of research participants have led research facilities to establish research ethics boards that review human research and require informed consent by participants. In some cases, also requiring a full debriefing.

Question 69

2.7 Identify uses of various measures of central tendency and variability

Answer 69

Three measures of central tendency are mean.. median.. mode. Two measures of variability are rand and standard deviation. Range intuitive of variability. Standard deviation is a better measure of variability, although more difficult to calculate.

Question 70

2.8 Explain how inferential statistics can help us to determine whether we can generalize from our sample to the full population

Answer 70

Not all statistically significant finding are large enough in magnitude to make a real world difference.

Question 71

2.9 Show how statistics can be misused for the purpose of persuasion

Answer 71

Reporting measures of central tendency that are not representative of most participants, creating visual representations that exaggerate effects, and failing to take base rate into account.

Question 72

Cognitive biases

Answer 72

Systematic errors in thinking

Question 73

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 73

Superficial similarity to a prototype | “Like goes with like”

Question 74

Overconfidence

Answer 74

Tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions

Question 75

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 75

Accumulated knowledge of the world we acquire over time

Question 76

S (Specific Abilities)

Answer 76

Particular ability level in a narrow domain

Question 77

General intelligence (g)

Answer 77

Hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect between people, Spearman Statistical illusion

Question 78

Abstract thinking

Answer 78

Capacity to understand hypothetical concepts

Question 79

Intelligence test

Answer 79

1905, diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability Binet & Simon’s

Question 80

Higher mental processes

Answer 80

Reasoning, understanding, judgement

Question 81

Illusory correlation

Answer 81

Perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists

Question 82

Extraneous variable or confounds

Answer 82

Additional variables not under consideration, distorts results

Question 83

Spurious Correlation

Answer 83

Association exists, but caused by something else

Question 84

Confounds or extraneous

Answer 84

False conclusions

Question 85

Cause and effect

Answer 85

Permission to infer?

Question 86

Pitfalls in experiment design

Answer 86

Placebo, nocebo, experimenter expectancy effect

Question 87

Experimenter expectancy effect

Answer 87

Phenomenon in which researchers’ hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study

Question 88

Bell curve

Answer 88

Distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall towards the middle, less to the “tails”

Question 89

Eugenics

Answer 89

Movement in the early twentieth century to improve a populations genetic stock by encouraging those with good genes to reproduce, discouraging those with bad genes from reproducing or both.