Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PDAT4 > 1/2 - Innate & Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

1/2 - Innate & Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

(41 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define

a system of proteins for defense against pathogens;
some proteins are enzymes, others are involved in recognition/communication

A

COMPLEMENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs
for development / maturation

A

Bone Marrow for B cells

Thymus for T Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

SPLEEN
highly important for maturation of B-Cells

Lymph Nodes / Tonsils / Appendix / Peyer’s Patches

Major site of AntiBody Production

Trap & Concentrate forein materials
–> expose foreigners to cells producing AB’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Present in surface mucosa of:
Resipiratory / GI / Geniitourirary Tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Includes:

  • *Peyer’s Patches** / Appendix
  • *Lymphoid Nodules in Submucosa**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BALT

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymphoid Cells

A

T & B Cells

NK Cells

All express
AG-Specific Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myeloid Cells

A

1st RESPONDERS!

Neutrophils / Basophils

Eosinophils / Monocytes / Macrophages

Dedretic Cells / Mast Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type of Immunity?

Antigen non-specific
RAPID response

Phagocytes / Natural Barriers

COMPLEMENT

Pattern Recognition Molecules

A

INNATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type of Immunity?

Antigen SPECIFIC
slow response / memory

Lymphocytes
B / T Cell receptors

Secreted ANTIBODIES + Cytokines

responds to new molecules

A

ADAPTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adaptive Response for Immunity

A

Specificity
discrimination of self/non-self

B / T Cells // APCs // mast cells+neutrophils

  • *Humoral Immunity** = B-Cells
  • *Cellular Immunity** = T-cells

Basis of Immunizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Three types of IMMUNIZATIONS

A

Adaptive Response

1) EXPOSURE to antigen
2) Through TRANSFER of ANTIBODIES

3) through Transfer of IMMUNE CELLS
bone marrow xplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Humoral Immunity
Two arms of the Adaptive Response

A

B-CELLS
activated by AG-Binding to cell-surface receptors
T-cells may help activate the B-cells
as can components of the complement system

Active B-cells –> Secrete ANTIBODIES (immunogloblins
–> that bind to the ANTIGEN
to clear them out of the system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cellular Immunity
Two arms of the Adaptive Response

A

T-CELLS
interact with APC’s, then RELEASE CYTOKINES
which stimulate other immune system cells

  • *Helper** T-cells –> release cytokines
  • *Cytotoxic** (kill) T-Cells
  • *Regulatory** T-cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

External / Passive
Defenses

A

Part of the INNATE Immunity

  • *Normal Gut bacteria** + skin bacteria
  • *Gut ACIDITY + Enzymes**

Skin / Mucous Membranes / tears
hair follicles

  • other defenses*
  • *Cough reflex / nose hairs / complement**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intracellular Killing

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

done by PHAGOCYTES
Recognition of PAMP’s
(pathogen associated molecules, proteins/lipids/polysacch/lipoproteins)

Adhesion to pathogen –> PHAGOCYTOSIS
of whole cell or viral particles –> passage to endosomes / lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EXTRAcellular Killing

Study These Flashcards
A

INNATE IMMUNITY

  • *Toxic Metabolites**:
  • *NO / H2O2 / Superoxide anion / hypochlorus**

PORE formation –> Cell Lysis

INduction of APOPTOSIS

18
Q

Phagocytosis + Endocytosis

Study These Flashcards
A

Can be used in BOTH INNATE / ACQUIRED immune responses

Endocytosis:
non-specific pinocytosis // specific receptor mediated uptake
fusion with endosomes –> lysosomes + degrative enzymes

Phagocytosis:
of WHOLE cells/virus particles (intracellular killing

19
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

​Eosinophils / Basophils / NEUTROPHILS
(granulocytes)

Short lived / contain lysosomes –> produce peroxide / NO

Study These Flashcards
A

PMN Leukocytes
polymorphonuclear Leuocytes

20
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Large Phagocytic cells that process & PRESENT Antigens on the cell surface
to stimulate other immune cells

21
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Phagocytose –> Process –> present antigens on the cell surface
to stimulate immune system cells

Study These Flashcards
A

DENDRITIC CELLS

22
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

secrete CYTOKINES
act like T-cells, but found mainly not the blood, but in TISSUES

Study These Flashcards
A

ILCs

Innate Lymphoid Cells

23
Q

Cell Type Involved in Innate Immunity?

Develop in the THYMUS, same precursor as T-cells
early responders to virus-infected or cancer cells

express KIR –> MHC (on normal cells)
(killer inhibitory receptor)

This cell will KILL cell if Not enough MHC present
pore forming –> lysis // apoptosis signaling

Study These Flashcards
A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS

24
Q

MHC-1

Study These Flashcards
A
  • *Normal=SELF** cells express MHC-1 proteins on cell surace
  • foreign / infected / tumorous cells* LACK MHC-1
  • NK CELLS** will ATTACK the cell if it is *lacking MHC-1
  • -> pore-forming proteins –> stimulate APOPTOSIS
25
**_NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS_** (**NK-T)**
Develop in the _THYMUS_ from **t-cell precursors** express **TCR** (t-cell receptors) ***NK-cells do not express TCR*** **TCR** -bind-\> **Membrane associated Sphingolypids** (found in bacteria) **NKT** cells also **_SECRETE IL-4 / IFN-gamma / other cytokines_** to stimulate other immune cells Also can **_TRIGGER APOPTOSIS_** via **FAS-FAS interactions** important for **removing B/T cells** that may be **anergic / improper**
26
**PAMPs**
INNATE IMMUNITY * *_Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns_** * *Conserved** (*unlikely to change)* **molecules** produced by _pathogens_ ex. **sugar coat** outside of bacteria, **lipoproteins,** **yeast / flaggelin**
27
**PRRs**
INNATE IMMUNITY **_Pattern Recognition Receptors_** *different from BCR or TCR or Antibodies* HIGHLY expressed on **dendritic cells** & **other phagocytes** _FOUR main classes_: * *TLRs** = toll-like receptors * *CLRs** = C-type lectin receptors * *NLRs** = NOD-like receptors * *RLRs** = RIG-I-Like receptors
28
**TLRs** Functions of **PRRs** (Innate immunity)
**_Toll-Like Receptor_** **EXTRAcellular** & **Membrane-bound** Several different classes: specfic for **Gram +/- Bacteria** **Mycobacteria Nucleic acids**from**virus/bacteria**
29
**CLRs** Functions of PRRs (Innate immunity)
**_C-Type Lectin Receptors_** **EXTRAcellular** & **Membrane bound** (like TLRs) Recognize particular: **CARBs** produced by **FUNGI** depend on **CALCIUM**
30
**NLRs** Functions of PRRs (Innate immunity)
**_NOD-Like Receptors_** **intracellular receptors** that recognize **cytoplasmic PAMPs** some NLRs --form--\> the **inflammasome** for generation of **cytokines**
31
**RLRs** Functions of PRRs (Innate immunity)
**_RIG-I-Like Receptors_** **Cytoplasmic RNA HELICASES** sense **viral RNA replication** and --signal--\> production of **INTERFERONS**
32
**INFLAMMATION**
innitiated by **tissue damage** --\> **Pain / Redness / Heat / Swelling** INCREASE in activity of **WBC**: **1st - Phagocytic Cells** (mainly **PMN Leukocytes**) **2nd** - **Macrophages + B&T-cells** with specific responses
33
**Acute Phase Response**
1st - response to **PAMPs** by **innate immune** system cells * *Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines** Released: * *_IL-1 // IL-6 // TNF-alpha_** Induction of **FEVER** --\> **CRP** release // **Complement // Fibronogen** **Leukocyte Migration** **Phagocytosis**
34
**INFLAMMASOMES**
**Multiprotein Complexes** found in the **_CYTOSOL_** respond to **cytosolic inflammation** * *_cytosolic PAMPs & DAMPs_** - -\> **_NLRs_** bind the pathogen --\> **oligomerize** --\> form the **Inflammasome** **_Capsase-1_** cleaves precursor peptides to generate: **IL-1Beta** & **IL18** (inflammatory cytokines)
35
**LOCALIZED Inflammatory Ressponses**
**_Kinins & Cytokines_** cause **local smooth muscle contraction** ***block NERVOUS impulses*** --\> **distal muscle relaxation** **INCREASE vascular permeability** Kinins --\> stimulate **nerves --\> pain& itching** **_Chemotactic cytokines_** lead **leukocytes --\> permeate --\> to damage**
36
**_Chemotactic Cytokines_** type of **Localized Inflammatory Response**
Lead **LEUKOCYTES** --\> through **bloodstream near SITE OF DMG** INCREASED **vascular permeability** --\> allows leukocytes to **pass --\> TISSUE** **Destruction of PATHOGEN follows**
37
**_CHEMOKINES_**
come from _DAMAGED CELLS_ * *locally INDUCE INCREASED expression of:** * *cell-adhesion molecules** + **increase vascular permeability** **Leukocytes** carry **ligands on surface** --\> **cell-adhesion molecules bind** --\> stick to **site of dmg** --\> **ROLL** along the endothelium --\> **PASS THROUGH** to **attack pathogen**
38
**THYMUS GLAND** stops producing thymocytes as you age OKAY, since you will have had a LARGE & LONG LASTING population of T-CELLS
Colonized by **stem cells from BONE MARROW** Site for **Maturation of:** **Lymphocytes + T-CELLS** *also many:* **Macrophages & Dendritic Cells** for **digesting apoptopic thymocytes** (developing t-cells) located in the MEDULLA --\> way out
39
**SPLEEN** Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
Main FXN: **Generate Immune response to AG's in _BLOOD_** * *Centers** are rich in **B-CELLS** * *Periphery** rich in **T-CELLS** * also LOTS OF APCs* **AG --\> Spleen** --\> taken up by **APCs** then **digested / presented to B&T Cells** --\> stimulate **immune response**
40
**LYMPH NODES** Secondary Lymphoid Tissue
Main FXN: **Generate IMMUNE REPONSE to AGs in _TISSUES_** Lots of **B&T-Cells + APCs** * *AG --\> Node** --\> taken up by **APCs** - -\> **presented to B&T cells** --\> **stim immune response**
41
**THREE WAYS for LYMPHOCYTE & AG Migration/Recirculation**
1) _**AG** **enters BLOODstream**_ - -\> pass through **SPLEEN,** meets the **APCs** --\> **Activates B&T-cells** 2) _**AG** **penetrates SKIN**_ passes through **_LYMPH NODE_** --\> generate immune response 3) **_AG enters GI or RESPIRATORY TRACT_** meets **MALT** or **BALT**

PDAT4 (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions