1 & 2: intro & body fluid phys

Question 1

kidney functions in EXCRETION to rid the body of (2):

Answer 1

water soluble wastes

toxins/foreign substances

Question 2

kidney balances sodium/potassium to maintain ___ balance and also creates glucose from AA thru ___

Answer 2

electrolyte

gluconeogenesis

Question 3

kidney functions to balance ___ and it also secretes ___ such as the big 4 (angiotensin II, aldosterone, adh, anp)

Answer 3

pH

hormones

Question 4

extracellular fluid is composed of ___ fluid & ___ ___ (and in specialized cases, transcellular fluid)

Answer 4

interstitial

blood plasma

Question 5

net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentrations

Answer 5

osmosis

Question 6

the total number of particles in a solution:

1 osmole = __ mole of a SOLUTE PARTICLE (eg, glucose - cannot dissociate)

Answer 6

1

Question 7

if a molecule can dissociate into ions (NaCl):

1 mol NaCl = __ osmole/L

Answer 7

2 (molecule can dissociate into 2 ions)

Question 8

osmoles per KG of water is called ____, while osmoles per LITER of water is called ____; in dilute body fluids the terms can be used interchangably

Answer 8

osmolality

osmolarity

Question 9

when inter & extracellular fluids are in osmotic equilibrium (~282mOsm/L) the solution is termed:

Answer 9

isotonic

Question 10

a sol’n that has a lower concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell (<282) is termed ____, and water will move ____ the cell

Answer 10

hypotonic

into

Question 11

a sol’n w/ a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than the cell (>282) is termed ____, and water will move ___ the cell

Answer 11

hypertonic

out of

Question 12

in ___ sol’n, osmolarity = cell
in ___ sol’n, osmolarity > norm extracell fluid
in __ sol’n, osmolarity < norm extracell fluid

Answer 12

isosmotic
hyperosmotic
hypo-osmotic

Question 13

____ occurs with low plasma sodium, and can either be due from ____ via loss of NaCl or ___ via over-retention of water (high sec. of ADH)

Answer 13

hyponatremia
dehydration
overhydration

Question 14

MC electrolyte d/o that results in edema, brain swelling & damage, death

Answer 14

hyponatremia

Question 15

____ occurs with high plasma sodium, either from ___ via water loss (lack of ADH prodx) or ____ via excess NaCl
-is less severe

Answer 15

hypernatremia
dehydration
overhydration

Question 16

excess fluid in body tissues can either be ___ edema due to hyponatremia or ___ due to fluid leakage or lymphatic failure

Answer 16

intracellular

extracellular

Question 17

the kidneys are located around __-__ and are ____ (space behind the peritoneum

Answer 17

L1-L4

retroparitoneal

Question 18

the GLOMERULAR caps cause rapid fluid ____ while PERITUBULAR caps allow for rapid fluid ___

Answer 18

filtration

reabsorption

Question 19

the functional unit of the kidney, the nephron, has 2 dif structures/areas, the ____, which has short loops and composes 70-80%, and _____, which has a longer loop of henle and penetrates deeper into medulla, contains vasa recta

Answer 19

cortical

juxtamedullary

Question 20

kidney can’t regen new ___, and after 40yo there is a decrease in their number

Answer 20

nephrons

Question 21

fluid fliltered from glomerular caps:

1. bowmans capsule
2. __ _ __
3. distal tubule
4. connecting tubule
5. __ __
6. renal pelvis

Answer 21

loop of henle

collecting duct

Question 22

in the urinary bladder, the detrusor muscle has fibers that are ____, it contracts as one unit

Answer 22

intertwined

Question 23

the ___ is on the post wall of the bladder, with ureters entering at the upper portion, and a smooth mucosa surface

Answer 23

trigone

Question 24

the ___ of the bladder enter thru the detrusor muscle, and can be shut down by the tone of the detrusor musc to prevent urine backflow

Answer 24

ureters

Question 25

muscle found at the bladder neck, which prevents emptying until pressure rises about threshold

Answer 25

internal sphincter

Question 26

muscle of the bladder that is under voluntary control

Answer 26

external sphincter

Question 27

innervation of the bladder comes from the ___ nerves via the ___ plexus, S2, S3 cord segments

Answer 27

pelvic | sacral

Question 28

the ___ nerve innervates the external bladder sphincter, while sympathetic innervation is via the ___ nerves, which stim blood supply to the bladder

Answer 28

pudendal | hypogastric

Question 29

urine flow: | ___ -> collecting duct -> renal calyces -> ___ -> bladder

Answer 29

nephron | ureters

Question 30

urine frlow from the collecting ducts to renal calyces causes ___ ___

Answer 30

peristaltic contractions

Question 31

____ reflex occurs when there is severe pain (kidney stone) bc ureters contain many pain fibers

Answer 31

uretororenal

Question 32

___ reflex occurs when sens stretch receptors are initiated as the bladder fills with urine - is self-regenerative, autonomic - is inhibited if bladder was not emptied

Answer 32

micturtion

Question 33

voluntary urination occurs via contraction of ___ muscles

Answer 33

abdominal

Question 34

____ syndrome due to different kidney damage disorders, which all result in excess protein in the urine -caused by multisystem diseases that damage the __ __

Answer 34

nephrotic | glomerular membrane

Question 35

in nephrotic syndrome, symptoms include protein such as ___ (mc) in the urine, which makes it foamy and ____ of face, arms, legs, abdm.

Answer 35

albumin | edema

Question 36

UTI usually caused by bact infxn that results in: - urge to urinate - burning sens - pelvic discomfort - lower abdm pressure - cloudy/bloody urine

Answer 36

cystitis

Question 37

cystitis is treated by

Answer 37

antibiotics

Question 38

acute infxn of renal pelvis or parenchyma usually due to an ASCENDING UTI

Answer 38

pyelonephritis

Question 39

tx for pylonephritis involve preventing uti from spreading via ___ therapy

Answer 39

antibiotic

Question 40

kidney stones, mc Ca oxalate and Ca phosphate is termed ____, and shows symptoms of flank pain, n/v, blood in urine

Answer 40

nephrolithiasis

Question 41

nephrolithiasis is caused by an:

Answer 41

imbalance of water

Question 42

genetic d/o that causes formation and enlargement of cysts in the kidneys

Answer 42

polycystic kidney disease

Question 43

autosomal __ polycystic kidney disease is seen in 30-40 yo, while autosomal ___ polycystic kidney disease is seen in young children/in the womb

Answer 43

dominant | recessive