1,3

Question 1

Neurons

Answer 1

Nerve cells- basic building blocks of the nervous system

Question 2

Glial Cells

Answer 2

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

Question 3

Cell Body (Soma)

Answer 3

Houses the nucleus and produces energy for the cell

Question 4

Dendrites

Answer 4

Receive incoming signals from other neurons

Question 5

Axon

Answer 5

Sends signals to other neurons or muscles

Question 6

Myelin Sheath

Answer 6

Fatty layer of tissue insulating the axon that speeds up electrical signal transmission

Question 7

Terminal Branches

Answer 7

Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons

Question 8

Synapse

Answer 8

The small gap between neurons where communication occurs

Question 9

Interneurons

Answer 9

Process information & control actions (CNS)

Question 10

Motor Neurons

Answer 10

Send outgoing signals (PNS)

Question 11

Sensory Neurons

Answer 11

Receive incoming information (PNS)

Question 12

Action Potential

Answer 12

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon

Question 13

Threshold

Answer 13

The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Question 14

All-or-Nothing Principle

Answer 14

A neuron either fires completely or not at all

Question 15

Depolarization

Answer 15

When a neuron’s charge becomes less negative, leading to firing

Question 16

Refractory Period

Answer 16

A period of resting after a neuron fires

Question 17

Resting Potential

Answer 17

The state of a neuron that is ready to fire but hasn’t

Question 18

Neurotransmitters

Answer 18

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse

Question 19

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

Answer 19

Encourage neurons to fire

Question 20

Dopamine

Answer 20

Influences movement, reward, emotion, & motivation

Question 21

Norepinephrine

Answer 21

Arouses alertness & energy

Question 22

Glutamate

Answer 22

Linked to learning & memory

Question 23

Substance P

Answer 23

A neurotransmitter involved in the transmission of pain signals to the brain

Question 24

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

Answer 24

Prevent neurons from firing

Question 25

GABA

Answer 25

Calms the nervous system

Question 26

Serotonin

Answer 26

Regulates mood & sleep

Question 27

Endorphins

Answer 27

Natural painkillers

Question 28

Endocrine System

Answer 28

A slower, longer lasting communication system that uses hormones instead of neurotransmitters

Question 29

Hormones

Answer 29

Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream

Question 30

Adrenaline

Answer 30

Increases heart rate & energy (fight-or-flight)

Question 31

Oxytocin

Answer 31

Influences bonding & social behaviors

Question 32

Leptin

Answer 32

Regulates hunger and fat storage

Question 33

Melatonin

Answer 33

Regulates sleep-wake cycles

Question 34

Ghrelin

Answer 34

Stimulates hunger

Question 35

Psychoactive Drugs

Answer 35

Substances that affect brain activity and lead to changes in perception, mood, or consciousness

Question 36

Agonists

Answer 36

Drugs that mimic neurotransmitters or enhance their action

Question 37

Antagonists

Answer 37

Drugs that block neurotransmitter activity

Question 38

Reuptake Inhibitors

Answer 38

Drugs that prevent the reabsorption of neurotransmitters, increasing their activity

Question 39

Stimulants

Answer 39

Speed up body functions and enhance energy (caffeine, cocaine, meth, ecstacy)

Question 40

Depressants

Answer 40

Slow down body functions and neural activity (alcohol, barbiturates)

Question 41

Hallucinogens

Answer 41

Alter perception and can cause visual or auditory hallucinations (LSD, marijuana)

Question 42

Opiates

Answer 42

Act as agonists for endorphins, reducing pain (heroin)

Question 43

Tolerance

Answer 43

The need to take more of a drug to achieve the same effect

Question 44

Addiction

Answer 44

A compulsive craving for a substance despite harmful consequences

Question 45

Withdrawal

Answer 45

Physical & Psychological symptoms when stopping the drug

Question 46

Substance Use Disorder

Answer 46

When drug use becomes uncontrollable and interferes with daily life