1-5 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
vestibular sense
A
movement, balance, and body position
2
Q
proprioceptive sense
A
location of body parts relative to the ground and one another
3
Q
Kinesthetic sense
A
body movement
4
Q
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
A
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
5
Q
Contrast the two types of vestibular organs.
A
Otolith organs: Tiny sacs found just above cochlea that contain gelatin-like fluid with tiny crystals suspended within; movement of the head causes the fluid to vibrate, stimulating receptors on inner surface of the sac
- Detect movement forward, back, sideways, up, or down
- Semicircular canals: circular tubes filled with fluid, which will stimulate receptors when rotated.
- Detect rotation
6
Q
How can pain be reduced
A
Laughter, distraction, a sense of control, competing signals from other skin senses, endorphins, morphine
7
Q
Despite her soft and cuddly appearance, Wrinkles was a pretty fierce bulldog. Imagine you met Wrinkles on the sidewalk when she was in one of her “moods,” and she lashed out at you and bit your hand. Describe the process by which you would sense the pain (gate-control theory).
A
Stimulation of pain receptor cells release a chemical called substance P in spinal cord, which activates other neurons, which in turn send their message through spinal gates (opened by the pain signal) and up to the brain
8
Q
Contrast visceral pain and somatic pain.
A
Visceral pain: pain in the organs
Somatic pain: pain in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
9
Q
How can hearing impairments be treated?
A
- Conduction hearing impairment: Hearing aids
- Nerve hearing impairment: Cochlear implant (device that sends signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to a sound processor worn outside the body, which translates the signals into electrical stimuli that are transmitted to a series of electrodes implanted in the brain, stimulating the auditory nerve. The brain processes the electrode information as sound.
10
Q
what causes hearning impairment?
A
Conduction hearing impairment: Damage to the ear drum or damage to the bones of the middle ear (often caused by ear infections)
11
Q
Contrast the two theories of pitch.
A
1.Place Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on where on the organ of Corti the stimulated cells are located; works for pitches above 1000 Hz
- Frequency Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on how fast the basilar membrane vibrates; works for pitches below 1000 Hz
- Volley Principle: groups of neurons take turns firing (volleying) in sending message to brain; works for pitches 400-4000 Hz
12
Q
Explain the process by which you sense sound.
A
sound is funneled into the ear by pinna travel through the auditory canal to the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate. The oval window, covering the entrance to the inner ear, then vibrates, causing the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate and the basilar membrane to vibrate. This, in turn, causes the organ of Corti to vibrate and the hair cells (sound receptors) embedded within the organ of Corti to bend up against the membrane above it. This bending triggers the hair cells to send a neural message through the auditory nerve and into the brain.
13
Q
what is sound
A
Vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us
14
Q
auditory nerve
A
Transmits neural signal from receptor cells to brain
15
Q
Organ of Corti
A
Contains receptor cells (hair cells), which bend in response to vibration and trigger a neural message to be sent through the auditory nerve
16
Q
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
A
Vibrate in response to sound, amplifying the vibration from the eardrum; the stirrup causes the oval window to vibrate
17
Q
Auditory canal
A
Directs sounds waves to the eardrum
18
Q
Pinna
A
Funnels sound waves from outside into the structure of the ear
19
Q
What causes color blindness?
A
Color blindness is caused by having no cones or having dysfunctional cones.
20
Q
contrast the two theories of colour vision
A
Trichromatic theory:
3 types of cones: red, blue, and green
Different shades of colors correspond to different amounts of light received by each of these three types of cones and rate at which each are firing
Opponent-process theory:
4 types of cones: red, green, blue, yellow; arranged in red-green and blue-yellow pairs
If one member of pair is working, the other cannot be. When one member tires out (from looking), the other member becomes disinhibited
Explains afterimage effect
21
Q
vestibular sense
A
movement, balance, and body position
22
Q
proprioceptive sense
A
location of body parts relative to the ground and one another
23
Q
Kinesthetic sense
A
body movement
24
Q
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
A
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
25
Contrast the two types of vestibular organs.
- Otolith organs: Tiny sacs found just above cochlea that contain gelatin-like fluid with tiny crystals suspended within; movement of the head causes the fluid to vibrate, stimulating receptors on inner surface of the sac
- Detect movement forward, back, sideways, up, or down
- Semicircular canals: circular tubes filled with fluid, which will stimulate receptors when rotated.
- Detect rotation
26
According to sensory conflict theory, what causes motion sickness
Conflict between information from eyes and information from vestibular organs
27
How can pain be reduced
Laughter, distraction, a sense of control, competing signals from other skin senses, endorphins, morphine
28
Describe the process by which you would sense the pain (gate-control theory).
Stimulation of pain receptor cells release a chemical called substance P in spinal cord, which activates other neurons, which in turn send their message through spinal gates (opened by the pain signal) and up to the brain
29
Contrast visceral pain and somatic pain.
Visceral pain: pain in the organs
Somatic pain: pain in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints
30
How can hearing impairments be treated?
1. Conduction hearing impairment: Hearing aids
2. Nerve hearing impairment: Cochlear implant (device that sends signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to a sound processor worn outside the body, which translates the signals into electrical stimuli that are transmitted to a series of electrodes implanted in the brain, stimulating the auditory nerve. The brain processes the electrode information as sound.
31
what causes hearing impairment?
1.Conduction hearing impairment: Damage to the ear drum or damage to the bones of the middle ear (often caused by ear infections)
2. Nerve hearing impairment: Damage to the inner ear, auditory pathways or cortical areas of the brain
32
Contrast the two theories of pitch.
1. Place Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on where on the organ of Corti the stimulated cells are located; works for pitches above 1000 Hz
2. Frequency Theory: the pitch a person hears depends on how fast the basilar membrane vibrates; works for pitches below 1000 Hz
3. Volley Principle: groups of neurons take turns firing (volleying) in sending message to brain; works for pitches 400-4000 Hz
33
Explain the process by which you sense sound.
sound is funneled into the ear by pinna travel through the auditory canal to the eardrum. This causes the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate. The oval window, covering the entrance to the inner ear, then vibrates, causing the fluid in the cochlea to vibrate and the basilar membrane to vibrate. This, in turn, causes the organ of Corti to vibrate and the hair cells (sound receptors) embedded within the organ of Corti to bend up against the membrane above it. This bending triggers the hair cells to send a neural message through the auditory nerve and into the brain.
34
what is sound
Vibrations of the molecules of air that surround us
35
Auditory nerve
Transmits neural signal from receptor cells to brain
36
Organ of Corti
Contains receptor cells (hair cells), which bend in response to vibration and trigger a neural message to be sent through the auditory nerve
37
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
Vibrate in response to sound, amplifying the vibration from the eardrum; the stirrup causes the oval window to vibrate
38
Auditory canal
Directs sounds waves to the eardrum
39
Pinna
Funnels sound waves from outside into the structure of the ear
40
What causes color blindness?
Color blindness is caused by having no cones or having dysfunctional cones.
41
rods vs cones similarities and differences
Similarities:
Located within retina
Responsible for transforming photons of light into neural impulses
Differences:
Rods are not located in center of retina; cones are located in center of retina
Rods are not sensitive to changes in wavelength (i.e., not color-sensitive); cones are sensitive to changes in wavelength (responsible for color vision)
Rods are associated with poor visual acuity; cones are associated with high visual acuity
Rods can function in darker light; cones require brighter light
Rods are associated with dark adaptation, cones are associated with light adaptation
42
explain the process by which you can see an object
Light reflected off of the object enters the eye through the cornea, which focuses it, and passes through the aqueous humor. It then passes into the interior of the eye through the pupil, the size of which is controlled by a muscle called the iris. The light is then focused further by the lens and passes through fluid before entering the retina. Within the retina, photoreceptors receive the photons of light and turn them into neural signals, which are transmitted through bipolar cells (cells that connect the photoreceptors to the optic nerve cells) to the ganglion cells, the axons of which form the optic nerve. The optic nerve transmits the neural signal to the brain.
43
What is light? Describe the three aspects of our perception of light.
Light consists of tiny packets of waves called photons that vary in
1. brightness (according to wave amplitude),
2. color (according to wave length),
3. saturation (purity of the color seen).
44
Aqueous humor
Supplies nourishment to the eye
45
optic nerve
Sends visual information to the brain
46
retina
Contains photoreceptor cells which receive photons and turn them into neural signals
47
Lens
helps focus on objects (through visual accommodation)
48
Pupil
Allows light to enter the retina
49
iris
Changes the size of the pupil, affecting the amount of light let into eye and helping to focus image
50
cornea
Protects the eye and focuses light coming into eye
51
Behavior resistant to conditioning
tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
52
Negative punishment
taking something away to reduce likelihood of certain behavior: taking away driving license
53
Positive punishment
adding negative stimuli to reduce likelihood of behavior: booing, hitting
54
shaping/Successive approximation
small steps in behavior one after another that leads to a particular goal behavior.
reinforcement of simple steps in behaviors that lead to a desired more complex behavior
For example teaching diana to roll over.
Reward when she lies down
Then reward when she lies and then gets on side
Then reward when she gets on back
Reward when she fully rolls over
55
Schedules of reinforcement
ratio schedules: depends on a no. of times the target behavior is correctly performed
Fixed ratio schedule: always same amt of occurrences between reinforcements
Variable ratio schedule: different number of occurrences between reinforcements
Interval schedule: depend on amt of time that has passed
Fixed interval schedule; always same amt of time passed between reinforcement
Variable interval schedule: different amt of time passed between reinforcement
56
How is reinforcement administered?
continuous reinforcement: reinforcement of behavior every time a behavior is performed correctly
Partial reinforcement: a conditioning process in which a behavior or response is reinforced only a portion of the time, rather than every time it occurs.
57
Negative reinforcement
reinforcement of a behavior by escape/avoidance of an undesirable consequence
58
positive reinforcement
rewarding behavior by adding something desirable
59
reinforcement
following a behavior increases likelihood that a certain behavior will occur again.
60
operant conditioning
learning of voluntary behavior
61
Major principle
future likelihood of a person repeating the behavior
62
Punishment
decreases likelihood of the specific behavior
63
Spontaneous recovery
recurrence of conditioned response after extinction has occurred, not as strongly responding to stimulus too.
64
extinction
weakening of or disappearance of learned response following the abscence or removal of the of the stimulus
65
stimulus discrimination
tendency to stop making association with stimulus because of another similar stimulus.
66
stimulus generalisation
If afraid of a specific bulldog ur now afraid of all bulldogs
67
conditioned emotional response
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli such as fear of dogs.
68
conditioned taste aversion
develop nausea/aversive response to a particular taste as that was followed by a nausea reaction once.
69
biological preparedness
the tendency of animals to learn certain associations due to survival values of the learning
70
conditioned response
learned involuntary response
71
conditioned stimulus
previously neutral stimulus that now causes involuntary response when paired with unconditioned stimulus
72
unconditioned response
original response that was caused by OG response
73
unconditioned stimulus
original thing that caused stimulus
74
experiment for Classical conditioning
Pavlov’s dog experiment
75
psychological dependence
the feeling that the drug is needed to maintain normalcy mentally
76
withdrawal
symptoms that happen when the body is reeling from missing the drug
77
tolerance
body needs more of the drug to reach satisfaction then needed before
78
physical dependence
when a persons body cant function normally without the drug
79
Psychoactive drugs
chemical substances that alter thinking, perception and/or memory
80
Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
information that is accessed during waking hours can affect synthesis of dream.
81
activation-synthesis hypothesis
dreams created by higher centers of cortex to explain brain activity during REM sleep periods.
82
Freud’s ideas about dreaming + 2 types of content of dreams
he thought dreams were a way of accessing trauma and inside thoughts.
Manifest content- narration of a dream on the surface level
Latent content- true underlying meaning.
83
Naps
can help improve alertness, performance, reaction time, learning.
-20 mins is ideal
-60-90 mins is better than 45.
-nap before 2pm so it lessens impact on night sleep
-cool dark place to nap
-set and alarm
84
cataplexy
a condition that brings on brief bouts of muscle weakness or paralysis.
85
narcolepsy
a sleep disorder when they fall into REM sleep. Can cause cataplexy.
86
sleep-apnea
a sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more.
87
insomnia
inability to get to sleep, get a good quality of sleep, or stay asleep
88
Night-Terrors-
a state of panic during deep sleep. The person is not awake fully and usually cant recall these. They take place in NREM. People move around in this- like they run around screaming.
89
non-REM sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
can happen
In infants its pretty much 50/50 of REM and Non-REM
Older adults= 20% if rem and rest in nrem
90
REM sleep behavior disorder
men over 60 most prone, could be a marker of alzheimers or parkinsons. REM sleep behavior disorder is a sleep disorder in which you physically and vocally act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams during REM sleep.
91
Nightmares
bad dreams that occur during REM
92
Rapid eye movement (rem)
dreaming usually
-Also known as paradoxical sleep (high level of brain activity)
-if woken during rem people report more detailed and longer dreams
-after stressful day there is more REM sleep
-for infants during rem new brain connections form
93
Sleep deprivation -
any significant loss of sleep
Symptoms:
- irritability
-inability to focus
-trembling hands
-staring off into space
-depression
-psych issues
-alzheimers
-Risk of insulin resistance
-decreased immune system
94
micro sleeps
tiny moments of shifting into sleep
95
altered consciousness
shift in consciousness
96
consciousness
a person’s awareness of everything that is going on around them or in their minds
97
what does the central nervous system consist of?
brain and spinal cord
98
temporal lobe
hearing, recognising language, and forming memories.
99
frontal lobe
executive functioning (planning and decision making)
100
parietal lobe
located at the top and back of cerebral hemisphere, processes info from touch
101
occipital lobe
processes visual information from the eye
102
cerebral cortex
the outer covering of the brain and has 4 lobes
103
alcohol
affects areas of the brain involved in memory and decision making.
It enhances responsiveness of GABA (agonist) receptors.
Binds to postsynaptic glutamate (antagonist) preventing glutamate from entering the cell.
104
cocaine
concentrates in the reward pathway and blocks uptake of released dopamine by pre-synaptic cell (agonist- because it causes dopamine to bind to the synapse repeatedly therefore causing too much)
105
LSD
mimics serotonin (agonist)
106
inhibitory synapse
post synaptic neuron on
107
excitatory synapse
post synaptic neuron off
108
antagonist
reduce or block effects of neurotransmitter
109
agonist
enhance effects of neurotransmitter
110
phi phenomenon
light turned on in a sequence to mimic movement
111
Stroboscopic motion
seen in motion pictures
112
auto-kinetic motion
a small stationary object in a dark room will appear to move as there are no surrounding clues against possible movement.
113
motion parallax
near objects- when you move in one direction the other objects begin moving in the opposite direction.
114
monocular eye depth
each eye individually
115
binocular depth cues
both eyed people
116
illusionary contours
we perceive contours and cues even when they do not exist
117
closure
we tend to complete figures in our mind
118
top-down processing
perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge.
119
bottom-up processing
perception based on the physical features of stimuli
120
signal detection theory
theory of perception based on the idea that the detection of a stimulus requires judgment and it is not an all or nothing process
121
perceptual set
tendency to perceive things in a certain way due to prior experiences or expectations, which will influence perceptions.
Motivation affects perception.
122
fovea
area of concentration of cones
123
cones
interpret color
124
rods
intensity of light
125
Weber's law
change needed for person to detect a difference between stimuli is based on proportion of original stimulus rather than fixed difference
126
Just noticeable difference (jnd)
minimum change needed for person to detect a difference between stimuli
127
Subliminal perception
process by which subliminal stimuli act upon conscious mind
128
subliminal stimuli
stimuli below the level of conscious awareness
129
subliminal messages
processing of info by sensory systems without consciousness
130
sensory adaptation
Our receptors begins becoming less sensitive to constant stimuli
131
habituation
When we stop reacting to a certain stimuli
132
absolute threshold
max amt of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
133
quantitative
consists of degree or magnitude
134
qualitative
basic qualities of stimulus
135
sensory coding
sensory receptors translate physical stimuli into electric signal that can be understood by rain.
136
Qualitative interviews and focus groups advantage/disadvantages
Advantage=
- more in depth and nuance
- used in combination with quantitative research methods (mixed method studies)
Disadvantage=
- not as generalisable due to being more personal
-time consuming
137
quantitative survey
-ask structured series of questions about the topic under study
Advantages=
-More honest responses due to anonymity or perceived anonymity
-geographic limitations are reduced
-data can be gathered from many
Disadvantages-
-prone to social desirability bias
-embellishing (inaccurate responses)
-fraudulent response and non-response
138
4 goals of psychology
1. Description
2. Explanation= theory:general explanation of a set of observation or facts
3. Prediction
4. Control
139
behavior
outward and overt actions or reactions
140
Scientific approach
systematic method of gathering info that reduces biases
141
scientific
uses systematic method for collecting info avoiding personal biases
142
some kinds of psychologists
forensic, health, experimental, developmental.
143
some roles of clinical psychologist
therapists, professor, researcher, outreach worker, cognitive evaluator, community outreach.
144
what is a psychologist?
Someone who earns a phd in psychology. Who are specialized in one or more areas on psychology.
145
psychology
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
146
glial cells
helping to support and nourish nerve cells, or neurons
147
neurons
A neuron is fundamentally defined as a nerve cell. Neurons are vital for communication and coordination between the brain and the body
148
afferent neurons
They carry information about the external environment toward the brain and spinal cord as sensory data.
149
element connectedness
tendency to perceive things that are close together or similar
149
Efferent neurons
they carry neural impulses EXITING from the central nervous system and toward muscles, glands, and organs to initiate movement.
150
transduction
151
