1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Ach-like muscarinic agonists are inhibited by this drug
atropine
(phentolamine competitively blocks a-adrenergic receptors, but does not directly interact with the muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells)
intoxication of ??? causes fever, dry skin/mouth, flushing, blurred vision, AMS
atropine (Jimson weed)
-note the anticholinergic effects
?? should be considered when a genetic mutation is identified in the offspring but not the parent
germline mosaicism: the presence of multiple, genetically different gamete cell lines
?? is a cytokine produced exclusively by T lymphocytes
IL-2: functions to stimulate the growth and differentiation of T, B, NK cells and macrophages
IL-1: produced by mononuclear phagocytes
TNF-a: prod. by activated macrophages–>sepsis, shock, cachexia
IFN-a: monos, macros, B cells, NK cells–>antiviral
GM-CSF: macros, T cells, NKs, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts–>stem cell production of granulos and monos
?? bind epithelial cells together in tissues (adherens junctions and desmosomes)
Cadherins- Ca2+ dependent
hemidesmosomes (BM) rely on integrins
fibronectin and laminins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins that bind cell surface integrins
umbilicated, flesh-colored papules on skin and mucous membranes think ??
what will be seen on biopsy ?
molluscum contagiosum (poxvirus)
eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions
Ligand binding to a tyrosine kinase receptor results in ??
formation of receptor dimers and a conformational change that exposes tyrosine kinase-active sites
(receptor mediated endocytosis happens with clathrin coats, i.e. LDL: ligand-receptor complex into a vesicle)
(translocation to nucleus happens with steroid, retinoid, or EPO (STAT)–>gene transcription)
pancreatic exocrine secretions changes in response to flow, what ion increases during high flow? what decreases? what maintains the inverse relationship?
high flow: HCO3- increases and Cl- drops
opposite in low flow
Cl-/HCO3- exchanger on the apical surface of ductal cells
ileal secretions tend to be ??
slightly alkaline: HCO3-»_space;Cl- during high flow, K+ secretion is also increased
Relative risk example
% of pts with cancer who have the mutation DIVIDED BY (not subtracted from!) the % of pts w. cancer who do not have the mutation (risk factor) (used in cohort studies)
what heme problem ??: intermittent episodes of abdominal pain w. neuro manifestations following exposure to offending medication, darken upon sun exposure but not photosensitive
acute intermittent porphyria: deficiency of porphobilinogen deaminase (porphobilinogen–>hydroxymethylbilane)
S4 sound heard in ??
HTN heart disease, aortic stenosis, HOCM (reduced ventricular compliance/distensibility)
S3 heard in ??
chronic sev. mitral regurg, chronic aortic regurg, heart failure assoc. with DCM (sudden limitations of ventr. movement during rapid passive diastolic filling, suggests ventricular enlargement)
exudates demontrate ?? (vs transudates)
^protein (>0.5), ^LDH (>0.6, >2/3 serum)
caused by infection, cancer, PE due to increased cap perm and reduced “sieving” of proteins
transudate is cause by hypoalbuminema, CHF
splenectomy will result in reduced risk of ??
bilirubin gallstones
My. gravis can present with difficulty chewing and diplopia. there is a common association between myasthenia gravis and ??
thymomas
does DKA present with hypernatremia or hyponatremia?
hyponatremia; osmotic activity of glucose in serum causes Na+ to drib 1.6 mEq/L for every 100 mg/dL rise in glucose (osmotic diuresis–>H2O, Na+ loss)
other findings: ^K+ (H+ into cells, K+ out), ^NH3 (proteolysis)
external female genitalia with vagina ending in blind pouch, think ??
genotypic male (phenotypic female): complete androgen insensitivity ^testosterone, ^LH, normal FSH
premie presenting with decrebrate posturing and bilateral thrombi in lateral ventricles, think ?? due to ??
intraventricular hemorrhage due to germinal matrix fragility (matrix involutes by term)
carboxyl tails of protein receptors can be anchored to plasma membranes via ??
palmitoylation (increases protein hydrophobicity)
low Ca2+, ^PTH, ^Phos
think ??
pseudohyperPTH: end organ resistance to PTH: Albright hereditary osteodystrophy: short stature and finger/toe bones
IN CONTRAST: vitamin D deficiency: low Ca2+, ^PTH, LOW Phos (PTH trashes Phos)
hepatomegaly, DM, arthropathy, pit hormone deficiencies (hypogonadism)m hyperpigmentation, RCM, infections, think ??
hereditary hemochromatosis
classic triad: cirrhosis, DM, hyperpigmentation- “bronze DM”
preproinsulin–>proinsulin happens where ??
edge of RER, N-terminal signal peptide goes to cytoplasm, proinsulin to RER
- proinsulin then cleaved to insulin and C-peptide, packed in secretory granules in RER
- vesicles travel to Golgi
- vesicles secreted out into EC space
maple syrup urine disease is a deficiency of ?? which requires this cofactor ?
branched chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase
requires vitamin B1 (thiamine)
