1 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Location of Lumbar Puncture
A
L3-L4 or L4-L5
2
Q
Very low glucose in CSF
A
Tuberculosis
3
Q
Positive EBV PCR in CSF
A
CNS Lymphoma in immunocompromised
4
Q
T1
A
Anatomic; fluid is black
5
Q
T2
A
Reverse anatomic: fluid is white
6
Q
T2 FLAIR
A
Reverse anatomic; fluid is black
7
Q
____ waves (___ Hz): posterior head regions during relaxed awake state with eyes closed
A
Alpha; 8-13
8
Q
____ waves (___ Hz): o frontal regions during relaxed awake state with eyes closed
A
Beta; 14-30
9
Q
____ waves (___ Hz): during drowsiness and sleep
A
Theta/Delta; less than 7
10
Q
Absence seizures may be stimulated with _____.
A
Hyperventilation
11
Q
Myotonic seizures may be stimulated with _____.
A
Photic stimulation
12
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? Unidirectional
A
Peripheral
13
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? May be purely vertical or purely horizontal
A
Central
14
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? may be bidirectional
A
Central
15
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? fixation inhibits nystagmus
A
Peripheral
16
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? Tinnitus or hearing loss
A
Peripheral
17
Q
Central or Peripheral Nystagmus? Chronic
A
Central
18
Q
Which type of nystagmus? normal response to moving object
A
optokinetic
19
Q
Which type of nystagmus? horizontal jerks changing direction every 2-3 minutes
A
Periodic alternating
20
Q
Which type of nystagmus? seen in familial periodic ataxia
A
Downbeat
21
Q
Which type of nystagmus? seen in Wernicke encephalopathy
A
Upbeat
22
Q
Which type of nystagmus? greater amplitude than endpoint; seen in drug intoxication
A
Gaze evoked
23
Q
Which type of nystagmus? Horizontal and rotary components
A
Vestibular
24
Q
6 Causes of Vertigo
A
Labyrinthine concussion, infarction, perilymph fistula, vestibular neuronitis, Meniere Disease, BPPV
25
Medical treatment of orthostatic hypotension
Midodrine, fludrocortisone
26
Medical treatment of neurogenic syncope
Beta blockers
27
Which diagnosis? Ataxia in children following viral infection, complete recovery
Post-Infectious Cerebellitis
28
Which diagnosis? Ataxia with UE>LE and loss of reflexes, impairment of vibration/proprioception; HOCM, DM, arrhythmia
Friedreich Ataxia
29
Most common headache
Tension-type
30
Tx of tension-type HA
simple analgesics
31
Abortive Tx of cluster HA
triptans
32
Prophylactic Tx of cluster HA
Verapamil or lithium
33
Tx of paroxysmal hemicrania
indomethacin
34
The duration and frequency of Paroxysmal hemicrania compared to tension-type headache are ____ and ____, respectively
decreased; increased
35
Most common nerve palsy in IIH
CN6
36
Claudication of the Jaw and AION: think _____
Giant Cell Arteritis
37
Tx of trigeminal neuralgia
carbamazepine (and other anticonvulsants
38
Tx of postherpetic neuralgia
gabapentin, TCAs
39
Neurofibrillary tangles are located _____ and consist of ____
intracellularly; tau
40
Senile plaques are located ____ and consist of ____.
extracellularly; amyloid
41
Second most common cause of dementia
Lew Body Disease
42
Lewy bodies consist of _____.
alpha-synuclein
43
Which dementia? Hallucinations and sensitivity to anti-epileptics, parkinsonism
Lewy Body Disease
44
Which dementia? Gait ataxia/falls early in disease, extra-pyramidal rigidity
PSP
45
Medical tx of Huntington chorea
dopamine antagonists/neuroleptics
46
Which dementia? Prominent behavior/personality changes and disinhibition
Frontotemporal Dementia
47
Which dementia? myoclonus and periodic sharp waves on EEG
Prion/CJD
48
Benzodiazepines suppress ___ stage of sleep
N3
49
Antidepressants and alcohol suppress ___ stage of sleep
REM
50
What nutrient is commonly deficient in RLS
Iron
51
Tx of narcolepsy
Modafinil, stimulants
52
Tx of cataplexy
TCAs
53
Cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Circle of Willis Aneurysm
54
Medical tx of SAH
Nimodipine
55
Cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage
HTN
56
Which epilepsy syndrome? 1-2 Hz spike and wave, associated with intellectual disability
Lennox-Gastaut
57
Which epilepsy syndrome? Simple partial (especially mouth/face), centrotemporal spikes
Benign Rolandic
58
Which epilepsy syndrome? 4-6 Hz polyspike and wave, often in early morning
Juvenile Myoclonic
59
Which anti-epileptic? gingival hyperplasia, coarsening of facial features
Phenytoin
60
Which anti-epileptic? hyponatremia, a granulocytosis
Carbamazepine
61
Which anti-epileptic? tremor, weight gain, hair loss, hepatotoxicity
Valproic acid
62
Which anti-epileptic? affects T-type Ca channels
Ethosuximide
63
Which anti-epileptic? most notorious for SJS
Lamotrigine
64
Which diagnosis? Muscle rigidity, fever, autonomic instability, altered level of consciousness
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
65
Tx of akathisia
anticholinergics, Beta Blockers
66
Tx of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Antipyretics, hydration (consider dantrolene or bromocriptine)
67
Tx of tardive dyskinesia
Reserpine or tetrabenazine
68
Tx of Stiff Person Syndrome
Benzos, baclofen
69
Tx of ET
Propranolol, primidone
70
Tx of chorea
Haloperidol
71
Cause of hemiballismus
Basal ganglia stroke
72
Tx of dystonia
Botulinum
73
Which diagnosis? Tics and/or OCD triggers by antibody response targeted against basal ganglia
PANDAS
74
Which diagnosis? ipsilateral CN3 palsy, impaired consciousness, ipsilateral hemiplegia, progressive temporal/occipital dysfunction
Uncal herniation
75
Ways to decrease ICP
Elevate head of bed, mannitol, hyperventilation, ventricular drain, barbiturates
76
Which diagnosis? Pulmonary involvement, non-caveating granulomas, increased serum ACE
sarcoidosis
77
Tx of sarcoidosis
Steroids
78
Which diagnosis? dementia, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, supranuclear ophthalmoplegia, oculomasticatory myorhythmia
Whipple Disease
79
Which diagnosis? Ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and confusion; may have signs of nutritional deficiency, hypothermia, or postural hypotension
Wernicke Encephalopathy
80
Which diagnosis? Isolated memory disturbance, confabulation
Korsakoff Psychosis
81
Complications and tx of antiphospholipid syndrome
Stroke; anticoagulation
82
Most common CNS tumor
Metastasis
83
Which genetic syndrome? Associated with ependymoma
NF1
84
Which genetic syndrome? Associated with medulloblastoma
Li-Fraumeni
85
Which genetic syndrome? Associated with hemangioblastoma
VHL
86
Most common primary brain tumor in adults
Glioblastoma Multiforme
87
Imaging pattern for GBM
Butterfly pattern
88
Which PBT? Slow growing, calcifications, fried egg cells
Oligodendroglioma
89
Most common location for ependymoma in adults and children
spinal cord; 4th ventricle
90
Pathologic feature of ependymoma
Pseudorosettes
91
Tx of Schwannoma
Stereotactic radiosurgery
92
Which tumor? cerebellar cystic lesions
Hemangioblastoma
93
Which tumor? Calcified suprasellar cyst on imaging
Craniopharyngioma
94
Most common metastases
Lung > Melanoma
95
Metastases most likely to bleed
Melanoma, Chorio, Renal clear cell
96
Which diagnosis? Painful loss of visual acuity, pain with EOM use, papilledema
Optic Neuritis
97
Worsening of symptoms with heat
Uhthoff Phenomenon/MS
98
Tx of MS flare
IV Methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone taper
99
Which diagnosis? Monophasic demyelinating illness in the CNS preceded by viral infection
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
100
Tx of ADEM
corticosteroids may help; recovery usually full
101
Which diagnosis? optic neuritis and transverse myelitis
Neuromyelitis optica
102
NMO involves antibodies to ____
aquaporin 4
103
Tx of NMO
Steroids
104
Which diagnosis? Dementia, focal cortical dysfunction, cerebellar dysfunction; seen in context of AIDS
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
105
Cause of PML
JC virus (infects oligodendroglial cells to cause demyelination)
106
Which diagnosis? acute confusional state and cortical vision loss in context of rapidly progressive HTN or use of immunosuppressants
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
107
Which diagnosis? HA, neck stiffness, myalgias, meningismus, CN palsies
Lyme Disease
108
Most CN palsy in Lyme Disease
7
109
Which diagnosis? HA, fever, altered consciousness, partial seizures, memory disturbance, olfactory hallucinations
HSV encephalitis
110
Most common fungal intracranial infection
Cryptococcal Meningitis
111
Which diagnosis? India Ink staining and tx with amphotericin
Cryptococcal Meningitis
112
Most common parasitic intracranial infection
Toxoplasmosis
113
Which diagnosis? Multiple cystic lesions with surrounding edema, endemic in central and south America
Neurocysticercosis
114
Cause of neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium
115
Tx of neurocysticerosis
Albendazole, steroids/anticonvulsants
116
Which diagnosis? Resembles subacute combined degeneration, but no B12 deficiency
Vacuolar Myelopathy (HIV-Associated)
117
Which diagnosis? Antiganglioside antibodies
GBS
118
Tx of GBS
Plasmapheresis, IVIG
119
Which diagnosis? Sensorimotor axonal neuropathy, abdominal pain
Porphyria
120
Most common inherited peripheral neuropathy
CMT
121
Palpable nerve hypertrophy
CMT, Leprosy
122
Inheritance pattern of DMD/BMD
X-Linked
123
Inheritance of Periodic Paralysis
AD
124
CGG trinucleotide repeat causing mental retardation
Fragile X
