1 Flashcards

Question

Crittendon Proposal

Answer 1

Unsuccessful proposal introduced by John J. Crittenden in Dec 1969; aimed to reslove the secession crisis of 1860-1861 by adressing the fears and grievances about slavery that led many slave-holding states to contemplate secession from the US; proposed 6 constitutional amendments and 4 congressional resolutions; guaranteed the permanent existence of slavery in the slave states and adressed southern demands in regard to fugitive slaves and slavery in district of columbia; popular among southern senators but generally unacceptable to the republicans

Answer 2

Credit system that was widely used by cotton farmers from the 1860s - 1930s; sharecroppers and tenant farmers who did not own the land they worked obtained supplies and food on credit from local merchants; the merchants held a lien on the cotton crop and the merchants and landowners ere the first ones paid from its sale

Answer 3

American inventor and businessperson who founded McCormick Harvesting Machine Company; one of several inventors who contributed to the successful models of the mechanical reaper in the 1830s

Answer 4

Several US federal laws that gave applicant ownership of land at little to no cost; more than 270 millionacres of public lan or nearly 10% of the total area of the US was given away for free to 1.6 million homesteaders

Answer 5

Education reform movement; dedicated to modernization fo the US society; argued that universal education was the best way to educate unruly american children into discipline;university standardization - testing, textbooks, cirriculam, grade levels

Answer 6

Created a unique form of american literature; attnded yale university for 3 years and expelled for misbehavior; served in the US navy which influenced many of his novels and other writings

Answer 7

11th president of the US (Democrat); achieved a victory in the Mexican-American War, which resulted inthe cession by Mexico of nearly the whole of what is now the Southwest; ensured substation reductino of tariff rates by replacing the "black tariff" with the walker tariff (1846) which pleased the less-industrialized states of the south by rendering less expensive both imported and domestic goods

Answer 8

Oct 1, 1851; involved the public rescue of a fugitive slave who had been arrested the same day in Syracuse, NY during the anti-slavery Liberty Party's state convention; the slave that was rescued was William Henry; NY was a free state and there was a huge fight wagainst slavery in CNY and the Finger Lakes; CNY became an active center for the abolition movement bc of the influence of Gerrit Smith and a group allied with him

Answer 9

Abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was only way to overthrow the institution of slavery. In the US; first gained attentin when he led a small group of volunteers during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856; led a group of 21 men in a raid on the arsenal, five were black, three free, one freed black,and one fugitive; attacked and captured several buildings hoping to use captured weapons to initiate slave uprising throughout the south

Answer 10

Best remembered for being a strong defender of slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics which he did in th econtext of defending southern values from percieved northern threats; was a leading proponant of states' rights, limited government, nullification, adn opposition to high tariffs; strongly supported the war of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars

Answer 11

Failed blacksmith when he created his first steel plow; made farming the midwest possible, and farmers could easily buy steel plows, saving time of the farmersand money for the customers buying crops from the farmers

Answer 12

Led four expeditions into the american west; major in the US army during the Mexican American War, took control of Cali from the Cali Repub in 1846; convicted in court martial for mutiny and insubordination; led the fourth expedition which cost ten lives, seeking a rail route over the moutains around the 38th parrallel in the winter of 1849; retired from military services and settled in Cali when he came upon massive amounts of wealth due to the Cali Gold Rush

Answer 13

American columnist and editor who used the term "manifest destiny" in 1845 to promote the annexation of texas and the Oregon country; was an influential political writer and advocate of the Dem party

Answer 14

Created territories of kansas and nebraska and was drafted by Dem senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois and Pres Franklin Pierce; initial purpose was to open up thousands of new farms and make feasible a midwestern transcontinental railroad; pop sovereignty clause of the law led pro and anti slavery elements to flood into kansas with the goal of voting slavery up or down; this resulted in Bleeding Kansas

Answer 15

American political terrorist organization that operated in the southern US; similar to and associated wiht the KKK, they supported white supremacy and opposed freedmen's rights

Answer 16

Renamed the American Party in 1855; empowered by the popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who they saw as hostile to Repub values; wanted to end immigration and naturalization but met with little success

Answer 17

Advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration, and Nordicism, anti-Catholicism and antisemitism; used terrorism against groups or individuals whom they opposed; called for the pureification of american society and all were considered right-wing extremist organizations

Answer 18

Second of four proposed constitutinos for the state of Kansas; was written in response to the anti slavery position of the 1855 Topeka constitution; free-state supporters boycotted the vote

Answer 19

American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist and a social reformer' idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slaver Convention; invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first meeting about women's rights; helped write the Declaration fo Sentiments during the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 20

Claimed to expose systematic sexual abuse of nuns and infanticide of the. Resulting children by catholic priests in her convent through the book The Hidden Secrets of a Nun's Life in a Convent Exposed; claimed that nuns were forced to have sex wiht the priests in the seminarty next door, the priests would enter the convent through a secret tunnel; if had a baby, they would baptize thhen strangle and dump into a lime pit in the basement

Answer 21

BAttle of the Monitor and Merrimack; 1862; was most noted and arguably the most important naval battle of the american civil war from the stand point of the development of navies; a part of the Confederacy to break the union blockade, which cut off Virginia's largest cities from international trade; was the first meeting in combat of ironclad warships;had been imposed at the start of the war; though the battle was inconclusive, it began a new era of naval warfare

Answer 22

A highly regarded courtroom lawyer of the era and shaped several key US Supreme Court cases that established important constitutional precedents that bolstered the authority of the federal government; negotiated the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 w GB; established the border between the US and canada east of the rocky mountains; entered politics during the era of the second party systemwhich was the political system characterized by rapidly increasing voter interest and personal loyalty to parties

Answer 23

Skilled carpenter and leader among AA in Charleston, SC; notable as the accused and convicted ring leader of the "rising", a mjor potential slave revolt planned for the city in June 1822; was then executed

Answer 24

pioneers led by George Donner and James F. Reed who set out for Cali in a wagon train in May 1846; delayed by a series of mishaps and mistakes, and spent the winter of 1846-47 snowbound in the Sierra Nevada' some of the pioneers resorted to cannibalism to survive

Answer 25

American activist on the behalf of the first generation of the mental asylums; during the civil war she served as a Superintendent of Army Nurses

Answer 26

An enslaved AA man who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wifre and two daughters in th eDred Scott v. Sandford case in 1857; claimed that he and his wife should be granted freedom bv they lived in illinois and the wisconsin territory for four years where slavery was illegal; was not granted emancipation due to the idea that his owner would be "improperly deprived of his legal property"

Answer 27

Created the cotton gin which became a key invention of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South; made upland short cotton into a profitable crop which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the US' lost many profits in legal battles of patent infringement for the cotton gin and turned his attention to securing contracts w the gov in the manufacure of muskets for the newly formed US army

Answer 28

American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist and leading figure in the early wonmen's rights movement; presented her Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca FAlls, NY; credited w the intitiating the first organized women's rights and women's sufferage moevements in the US

Answer 29

Three bills passed by the US congress between 1870 and 1871; criminal codes which protected AA's right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and to recieve equal protection of lass; passed under pres Ulysses S. Grant, allowed the fed gov to intervene when states didnt act to protect these rights

Answer 30

Controversial US fed court case which arose out of the CW; test of the authority of the pres to suspend "the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus" under the constitution's suspension clause; Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that the authority to suspend habeas corpus lay exclusively w congres

Answer 31

US supreme court case that ruled the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating as unconstitutional; court was unwilling to give Pres Lincoln's administration the power of military commission jurisdiction, part of the admin's controversial plan to deal with the Union dissenters during the Civil War

Answer 32

Pres Andrew Jackson pressured congress to pass this which extended presidential power and was designed to compel the state of SC's compliance w a series of federal tariffs; John C. Calhoun opposed

Answer 33

14th president of the united states; Northern dem who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation; polarizing actions in championing Kansas-Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slace Act alienated antislavery groups while failing to stem intersectional conflict

Answer 34

AA social reformer, abolitionist, writer and statesman; escaped from slavery in Maryland an dbecame a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York; gained note for his dazzzling oratory and incisive antislavery writings

Answer 35

American ladscape architect, journalist, social critic and publim administrator; popularly considered the father of american landscape architecture; well known for co designing many well known urban parks with his senior partner Calvert Vaux

Answer 36

Active in 1848 and the 1852 presidential elections; founded in Buffalo, NY and was a third party and a single-issue party that appealed to and drew its greatest strength from NYS; leadership consisted of anti slavery former members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party; main purpose was to oppose the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery

Answer 37

US fed gov agency established in 1865 to aid freedmen in the south during the reconstruction era of the US which attempted to change society in the former confederate states; initiated by Abraham Lincoln and was intended to only last for a year after the CWheaded by Union Army General Oliver O. Howard

Answer 38

Literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond area in the summer of 1800; info about the revolt was leaked prior to its execution and he was taken captive and hanged in punishment; in response, virginia and other states legislatures passed restricktions on free lacks as well as prohibiting education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their chances to learn to plan similar rebellions

Answer 39

Limits or forbids the rising, consideration, or discussion of a particular topic by members of a legislative or decision-making body

Answer 40

Social theorist who published racial and slavery based sociological theories in the antebellum are; was a leading pro-slavery intellecutal and spoke for many of the southern plantation owners

Answer 41

Radical reformerw experience in the working men's movement of 1829 and the trade union movements of the 1830s; help found the National Reform Association whichlobbied congress and sought political supporters with the slogan "Vote yourself a farm"; congress recieved petitions signed by 55,000 americans calling for free public lands for homesteaders between 1844 and 1862; the efforts of him and his allies ultimately helped lead to the homestead act

Answer 42

Presidency of Ulysses S Grant was marred by many scandals, including black friday, corruption in the department of the interior and the whiskey ring; grant was not directly involved but his associations with people of questionable character and his reliance on cronyism, nepotism, and political patronage game rise to accusations of "grantism"

Answer 43

\anti monopoly ideology which was active between 1847 and 1889; referred to the non-gold backed papermoney known as greenbakcs issuedby the nother during the CW; party opposed the deflationary lowering fo prices paid to producers entailed by a return a bullion based monetary system and policy favored by the dominant repub party

Answer 44

Best known for John Brown's raid on the Armory in 1859 and its role in the CW

Answer 45

Doc written in 1854 that described the rationale for the US to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying hat the US should declare war if spain refused; cuba had been a long goal of the US slaveholding expantionist

Answer 46

Vionlent disturbances in lower manhattan widely regarded as the culmination of working class discontent with new laws passed by congress that year to draft men to fight in the ongoing CW

Answer 47

Religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, NY; believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves; free of sin and perfect in this world; practiced communalism, complex marriage, mal sexual continence, and mutual criticism

Answer 48

Document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the US to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the US should declare war if Spain refused; cubas annexation had been a long time goal of the US slaveholding expansionists and was supported by a faction in Cuba as well; was during the administration of Franklin Pierce, a pro-southern democrat, but after the violence that followed the Kansas Nebraska act, the administration was unsure of following up on this

Answer 49

American politician, showman and business man remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum and Bailey Circus

Answer 50

euphemism for slavery and its economic ramifications in the American south; expression seen to gloss over the apparent contradiction between lawful slavery and the statement in the Declaration of Independence;

Answer 51

Laws passed by several US states in the north to counter the Fugitive Slave Acts of 1793 and 1850; designed to make the legal system more fair for all people and to ensure the safety of freedmen and escaped slaves without employing the controversial tactic of nullification; some allowed jury trials for escaped slaves and forbade state authorities from cooperating in their capture and return;

Answer 52

A term for state banks selected by the US Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833; created under the administration of Jackson when he vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Henry Clay four years before the recharter was due; recharter was intended to be used for a topic in the upcoming election for Clay; Jackson distrusted the system of national banking which led to Biddle's proposal to recharter early; this led to the beginning of the Bank War

Answer 53

Series of riots that took place between May 6 and 8 and July 6 and 7, 1844; riots were result of rising anti-catholic sentiment at the growing population of Irish catholic immigrants; started on May 6 after violence erupted and deadly riot resulted in the destruction of two Catholic Churches and numerous other buildings; ended in July when there was the discovery that St. Philip Neri's Catholic Church had armed itself for protection; these riots helped fuel criticism of the nativist movement, despite denials from nativist groups of responsibility

Answer 54

Principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power; plays a part in the start of the Bleeding Kansas and Kansas-Nebraska Compromise

Answer 55

May 1856; reaction to the sacking of Lawrence, Kansas by por-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed 5 settlers north of the Pottawatomie Creek; one of the many bloody episodes in the Bleeding Kansas

Answer 56

Advocate of slavery and states' rights; remembered for his may 22, 1856 assault upon abolitionist and Republican Senator Charles Sumner; Brooks beat Sumner with a cane on the floor of the US Senate in retaliation for an anti-slavery speech in which Sumner verbally attacked Brooks' second cousins, Senator Andrew Butler; applauded by southerners and abhorred in the north

Answer 57

Fulfillment of the requirements of the Acts were required in order for former confederate states to be re-admitted to the union; excluded Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14th amendment and had been readmitted to the union; required each state to draft a new state constitution which had to be approved by Congress, ratify the 14th amendemnt of the US Constitution, and grant voting rights to black men; many of the new state constitutions adopted were soon replaced in the 1890s by democrats as they sought to institute segregation and disenfranchise African Americans

Answer 58

Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of a utopian socialism and the cooperative movement; traveled to America to invest the bulk of his fortune in an experimental 1000-member colony in the banks of Indiana's Wabash River, called New Harmony; was intended to be a utopian society

Answer 59

Delivered the majority opinion in the Dred Scott v Stanford (1857), which ruled that African Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the US Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and, whether free or slave, could not be considered citizens of the US, which created an uproar among abolitionists and the free states of the northern US

Answer 60

May 21, 1856, when pro-slavery activists attacked and ransacked the town of Lwrence, Kansas which had been founded by anti-slavery settlers to help ensure that Kansas would become a free state

Answer 61

Invented the telegraph system based on telegraphs in Europe; co-developer of the Morse code and helped develop the commercial use of telegraphy; also a famous portrait painter, which was his original reputation

Answer 62

Southerners who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War; typically formerly closeted souther abolitionists as well as former slave owners who supported equal rights for freedmen; also people who wanted to be part of the ruling Republican Party simply because it provided more opportunities for successful political careers

Answer 63

The first women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, NY and spanned over two day s in July 1848; attracted widespread attention and soon followed by other conventions; female quakers local to the area set up the convention, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton who was not a quacker; prepared two documents, the Declaration of Sentiments and a list of resolutions;

Answer 64

Secratary of state William H Seward signed a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7 million; despite the bargain price of roughly two cents per acre, the Alaskan purchase was ridiculed in congress; originally proposed during the administration of President James Buchanan but negotiations were stalled due to the Civil War; Seward was a supporter of territorial expansion and was eager to acquire the tremendous landmass of Alaska which would add almost 20% of the already existing US

Answer 65

Southern economy was in disarray after the abolition of slavery and conflict arose between white landowners attempting to re establish a labor force and freed blacks seeking economic independence and autonomy; former slaves expected federal government to give them a certain amount of land as compensation for all the work they had done during the slavery era; reconstruction, and the issue of labor had led to the sharecropping system, where black families would rent small plots of land in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year

Answer 66

Union general WIlliam T Sherman led 60000 soldiers on a 285 mile march from Atlanta to savannah, Georgia; purpose of this march was to frighten Georgia's civilian population into abandoning the confederate cause; Sherman's soldiers did not destroy any towns in their path, but they stole food and livestock and burned their houses and barns of people who tried to fight back

Answer 67

First interpretation of the US constitutions 14 amendment which had recently been enacted; it was a pivotal case in early civil rights law and held that the 14 amendment protects the privileges or. Immunities of citizenship of the US, not privileges and immunities of citizenship of the state; however, federal rights of citizenship were then few, such as the right to travel between states and to use navigable rivers; the amendment did not protect the far broader range of rights covered by state citizenship

Answer 68

African american abolitionist and womens' rights activist; born into slavery in NY but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826; went to court to recover her son in 1828 and became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man; was convinced that god has called her to leave the city to go into the countryside "testifying the hope that was in her"; best known speech was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention and became widely known as "Ain't I a Woman?"

Answer 69

US presidential executive order issued by Jackson in 1836 to pursuant the Coinage Act; was a reaction to the growing concerns about excessive speculations of land after the Indian removal, which was mostly done with soft currency; the rise in prices are often to blame for the Panic of 1887; democratic split: the Locofoco supported sound money and the other side supported paper money

Answer 70

Practice in which a political party, after winning an election, gives government civil service jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a reward for working toward victory and as an incentive to keep working for the party

Answer 71

Mexican american war; Polk said no choice to go to war; Lincoln gave resolutions if Polk could show where american blood was shed on american soil; shows Lincoln's opposition to the war