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1
Q

Acrolect

A

language closest to standard (high variety).

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2
Q

Asset or strength perspective (dementia)

A

what remains

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3
Q

Asynchronous

A

not existing or occurring at the same time, for CMD meaning not necessary to reply immediately.

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4
Q

Banter

A

Impolite language that is understood not to be intended to cause offence.

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5
Q

Balance

A

a balanced corpus covers a wide range of text categories supposed to be representative of the language variety
under consideration

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6
Q

Basilect

A

language closest to creole

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7
Q

Bilingualism (elite)

A

Bilingualism which is considered to be socially advantageous, usually involving high-status speakers and prestigious language

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8
Q

Bilingualism (immigrant)

A

The bilingualism which arises due to migration. often stigmatized

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9
Q

Biting (teasing humour)

A

only slightly mitigated verbal attack.

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10
Q

Bonding (teasing humour)

A

mitigated verbal attack, usually targeting a whole group and thus aiming to achieve solidarity.

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11
Q

Clash (maxim)

A

when there are a clash of one or more maxims

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12
Q

Code

A

any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication purposes

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13
Q

Code switching/ code mixing

A

swapping from one code to another to better communicate with another person or to index identity. Usually an unconscious action

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14
Q

Collocation

A

A co-occurrence relationship between words or phrases.

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15
Q

Constructionist approach

A

how people use language to maintain the focus on the ideological differences between male and female.

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16
Q

Content collapse

A

making one identity appropriate for all social networking sites and people

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17
Q

Corpus

A

a large collection of texts typically stored as a database on a computer

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18
Q

Creole

A

a type of contact language, usually assumed to be elaborated and nativised

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19
Q

Crossing

A

“refers to the use of language which isn’t generally thought to ‘belong’ to the speaker”.

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20
Q

inner circle (world englishes)

A

english as first language

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21
Q

Death (language)

A

The total disappearance of a language (Aitchison)

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22
Q

Decreolisation

A

When creole is used alongside a standard variety -

features change in the direction of the standard

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23
Q

Deficit perspective (dementia

A

what is lost

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24
Q

Dementia

A

general term that groups a number of neurodegenerative illnesses

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25
Descriptivism
describe the regular structures used in language by systematically analysing samples of ‘real’ Language.
26
Dichotomy
divisions/ splits.
27
Difference approach
Men and women use language in ways which reflect their socialisation into different cultures; they are taught how to communicate as boys, or as girls.
28
Diglossia
a situation in which there are two distinct codes with clear functional separation, has a high and low variety
29
Direct (index)
the characteristic that language use indicates (e.g heterosexual desire)
30
Discursive approach
Concerned with a more contextualised, localised interpretation
31
Dissipation (language)
linguistic decay/ decay of a language
32
Dissociative imagination
We can imagine other internet users aren’t real either
33
Dominance approach
Women use language in a way which reflects their subordinate position in society, and men in a way which reflects their power.
34
Equivalence (codeswitching)
Speakers must know which forms of which words can go where in a sentence
35
Face
the public self image that everyone wants to claim for his or her self.
36
Flout (maxim)
ostentatious breaking of a maxim – leading the hearer to question why.
37
Generalised (implicature)
no specialized knowledge required
38
Gerontophobia
fear of old people or of ageing
39
Heteronormativity
The belief that: it is ‘natural’ and ‘normal’ to be heterosexual (othering)
40
Homogenous
all the same, no individuality
41
Illocutionary act
implied meaning of utterance
42
Illocutionary force
the purpose of the utterance
43
Implicature
refers to what is suggested in an utterance, even though not expressed
44
Indexicality
is the notion that linguistic features indicate social meaning.
45
Infringing (maxim)
breaking of a maxim due to poor linguistic performance
46
Indirect (index)
the social identity that the characteristic is associated with (e.g masculinity)
47
Keyword
“Any word which is found to be outstanding in its frequency in the text is considered ‘key’”
48
Lexifier (superstrate)
vocab from another language
49
Lingua Franca
a common language used to communicate in situations in which speakers of different languages interact. A bridge language
50
Locutionary act
literal meaning of an utterance, what is said
51
Negative face
the wish that our actions be unimpeded by others
52
Net effect
creates a greater sense of distance between ‘us’ and ‘them’
53
Nipping (teasing humour)
mitigated verbal attack, more playful, and not genuinely abusive
54
Manner (maxim)
not being ambiguous
55
Mesolect
intermediate varieties
56
Metaphorical (code switching)
Changes in the speaker’s language choice when the situation remains the same
57
Metonym
using part to represent a whole (e.g hands for person)
58
Observers Paradox
obtain data by systematic observation’
59
Opting out (maxim)
being prevented from fulfilling a maxim
60
Other
relates to a group or an individual that is deemed different, distant, alien relative to the norms of one’s own group.
61
Participant observation
First-hand observation of research participants in their natural setting
62
Particularised (implicature)
specialised knowledge required
63
Performativity (gender)
there is no ‘men’ or ‘women’s language, identity is constructed by language use: we perform our identity/ gender every day.
64
Perlocutionary act
how the hearer of an utterance understands it and responds
65
Pidgin
is a language that develops in a situation of language contact between two or more groups.
66
Positive face
that our wants be desirable to at least some others
67
Prescriptivism
setting out rules for ‘correct’ use of a language
68
Qualitative research approach
in-depth, small scale, exploratory
69
Quality (maxim)
not saying that which you believe to be false/ for which you lack evidence.
70
Quantitative research approach
statistical, systematic, large-scale
71
Quantity (maxim)
not saying more or less than you should; saying enough to be adequately informative.
72
Reason (advertising)
when an advert in transparent in what it is advertising, eg a dog for dog food
73
Received pronunciation
a social rather than regional accent – sometimes Called ‘Queen’s English’ or ‘BBC’ English.
74
Recontextualisation
altering the original context (taking out of context).
75
Relevance (maxim)
being relevant
76
Representativeness
is the extent to which a corpus represents the full range of variability of a language
77
Scalar implicature
meaning beyond the literal meaning of an utterance; suggestion that = reason for not using a more informative term. e.g. we invite him to SOME of our parties
78
Situational (code switching)
when the languages used changes according to the situations: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one”. (Wardaugh)
79
Solopsistic introjection
We fill in the blanks of others’ lives, role-playing their responses
80
Standard (language
Uniform, prestige, no regional variation (non-standard, norms are generally uncodified and unwritten)
81
Stratification
when something is split into different groups/ layer (social classes etc).
82
Substrate
syntax from another language
83
Suicide (language)
Speakers borrowing from other languages to such an extent that their original language dies out
84
Theying
is a form of othering where older people are lumped together as one collective, unvarying entity
85
Tickle (advertising)
when an advert plays on emotion (usually humour) rather than transparency and the audience has to go to greater lengths to contextualise it (eg using meerkats for car insurance).
86
Trolling
Trolling entails luring others into pointless and time-consuming discussions
87
Vernacular
The language first acquired, used primarily among intimate friends and family members, that we’re most comfortable using.
88
Violation (maxim)
usually with the intention to mislead such as lying
89
AAVE
African American vernacular English.
90
CA
critical analysis, ‘talk in interaction’
91
CAGES
class, age, gender, ethnicity, sexuality (variants to consider when looking at variation)
92
CDA
critical discourse analysis exposes ‘strategies that appear normal or natural on the surface. ‘denaturalising language to reveal the kinds of ideas and absences.
93
CoP
community of practice; Identity being constructed depends on meaning of group membership
94
CMC
computer mediated communication
95
CMD
computer mediated discourse
96
FTA
face threatening act: a speech act which threatens another’s positive or negative face
97
LARDS
language, accent, register, dialect, style
98
RP
received pronunciation
99
SNS
social networking sites
100
Accomodation theory
Speakers shift their language towards that of their addressee
101
Co-operative principle (GRICE)
shared assumption of linguistic co-operation
102
Grice’s maxims (GRICE)
quantity, quality, manner, and relevance
103
Relevance theory (SPERBER AND WILSON)
hearers arrive at an understanding through presumption.

Sociolinguistics (4 decks)

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