1

Question 1

acquired immunity (types):

1. natural
2. artificial

Answer 1

1. natural: normal accumulation of adaptive immune responses (getting sick)
2. artificial: creating of adaptive immunity protection by artificial mean (getting vaccine)

Question 2

acquired immunity (methods of occurrence):

1. active
2. passive

Answer 2

1. active: immune response resulting from exposure to antigen (natural infection, vaccine)
2. passive: results from transfer of antibodies to an individual (anti-venom, placenta)

Question 3

immunization

Answer 3

against (hopefully before) exposure to real antigen

reasonto artificially induce an active immune response to protect against disease

method: vaccination

Question 4

vaccines: attenuated

Answer 4

weakened form of a pathogen

• unable to cause disease
  1. strain replicates in recipient
  2. causes infection with undetectable or mild symptoms
  3. results in log lasting immunity

**be careful giving to immunocompromised patients

Question 5

vaccines: inactivated

Answer 5

unable to replicate in vaccinated individual

immunogenic but not pathogenic (causes immune response, not disease)

2 types:

1. whole agents (has all parts): contain killed organisms of inactivated virus, does not change epitopes
2. fragments: portions of organisms or inactivated virus (includes toxic proteins and cell wall components)

**more conservative option than attenuated bc these suckers are dead

Question 6

what are the 2 types of boosters?

Answer 6

1. reminding immune system of a previous encounter
2. giving small amounts that increase each time bc it’s too dangerous to give enough to create a strong enough immune response in 1 dose

Question 7

adjuvants

Answer 7

make sure immune response notices vaccine by shining a flashlight on it.

compensates for the limited dose that results from the lack of bacterial or viral replication

**basically these is ugly suckers that go with a quiet lil vaccine and call heck attention bc they so ugly

Question 8

immunological testing

Answer 8

serological testing for detectable levels of specific antibodies or proteins indicative of disease

Question 9

seronegative

Answer 9

no detectable levels of antibodies

Question 10

seropositive

Answer 10

detectable levels of antibodies

Question 11

titer

Answer 11

how many antibodies

Question 12

serum

Answer 12

fluid portion of blood w/no clotting factors

Question 13

polyclonal

Answer 13

a mixture of antibodies present that target a variety of epitopes

Question 14

monoclonal

Answer 14

a bunch of antibodies w the same receptor

Question 15

muromonab-CD3

Answer 15

for kidney transplant

Question 16

infliximab

Answer 16

for crohn’s disease

Question 17

ibritumomab + rituximab

Answer 17

for non-hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 18

trastuzumab

Answer 18

perception for breast cancer

Question 19

most common example of precipitation assay

Answer 19

immunodiffusion or ouchterlony

Question 20

fluorescent antibody tests

Answer 20

relies on fluorescent microscopy to locate labeled antibodies fixed to a microscope slide

Question 21

ELISA

Answer 21

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

employs antibody that has been labeled with detectable enzyme (commonly horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphate)

labels antibody bound to antigen (can be direct or indirect

Question 22

western blotting

Answer 22

used to detect antigenic proteins or antibodies

proteins are separated by size (using special gel electrophoresis) before reacting with antibody

**makes it possible to establish which proteins are recognized by antibodies

Question 23

fluorescence activates cell sorter (FACS)

Answer 23

special version of flow cytometry counts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies

i. e. antibodies are attached to the CD4 and CD8 T-cell surface markers
- cells with fluorescently labeled markers are sorted and counted

Question 24

primary response

Answer 24

1. effector cells clear antigen

2. memory cells are generated in preparation for 2nd exposure

Question 25

what do memory cells do?

Answer 25

produce antibodies like there’s no tomorrow