1 Flashcards
acquired immunity (types):
- natural
- artificial
- natural: normal accumulation of adaptive immune responses (getting sick)
- artificial: creating of adaptive immunity protection by artificial mean (getting vaccine)
acquired immunity (methods of occurrence):
- active
- passive
- active: immune response resulting from exposure to antigen (natural infection, vaccine)
- passive: results from transfer of antibodies to an individual (anti-venom, placenta)
immunization
against (hopefully before) exposure to real antigen
reasonto artificially induce an active immune response to protect against disease
method: vaccination
vaccines: attenuated
weakened form of a pathogen
- unable to cause disease
1. strain replicates in recipient
2. causes infection with undetectable or mild symptoms
3. results in log lasting immunity
**be careful giving to immunocompromised patients
vaccines: inactivated
unable to replicate in vaccinated individual
immunogenic but not pathogenic (causes immune response, not disease)
2 types:
- whole agents (has all parts): contain killed organisms of inactivated virus, does not change epitopes
- fragments: portions of organisms or inactivated virus (includes toxic proteins and cell wall components)
**more conservative option than attenuated bc these suckers are dead
what are the 2 types of boosters?
- reminding immune system of a previous encounter
- giving small amounts that increase each time bc it’s too dangerous to give enough to create a strong enough immune response in 1 dose
adjuvants
make sure immune response notices vaccine by shining a flashlight on it.
compensates for the limited dose that results from the lack of bacterial or viral replication
**basically these is ugly suckers that go with a quiet lil vaccine and call heck attention bc they so ugly
immunological testing
serological testing for detectable levels of specific antibodies or proteins indicative of disease
seronegative
no detectable levels of antibodies
seropositive
detectable levels of antibodies
titer
how many antibodies
serum
fluid portion of blood w/no clotting factors
polyclonal
a mixture of antibodies present that target a variety of epitopes
monoclonal
a bunch of antibodies w the same receptor
muromonab-CD3
for kidney transplant