1 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
How long is the Alimentary Canal?
A
30 feet
2
Q
Name the layers of the Alimentary Canal
A
Fibrous, Muscular, Submucosal, mucosal
3
Q
Where does the esophagus originate at?
A
C-6, Mid-sagittal
4
Q
Where does the esophagus lie, relative to the trachea?
A
Posterior
5
Q
Where does the esophagus join the stomach?
A
esophogastric junction/cardiac antrum
6
Q
What is the dilated sac-like portion of the alimentary canal that is located between the esphagus and small intestine
A
stomach
7
Q
What is the superior portion of the stomach, when upright, is usually seen as an air bubble?
A
fundus
8
Q
What is the portion of the stomach that communicates with the duodenum?
A
pyloric portion
9
Q
What part of the stomach is the right border that begins at the esophagogastric juntion and ends at the pyloris?
A
lesser curvature
10
Q
what part of the stomach begins at the cardiac notch and ends at the pyloris?
A
greater curvature
11
Q
what is the opening between the esophagus and the stomach?
A
cardiac orfice
12
Q
what is the opening between the stomach and the duodenum?
A
pyloric orfice
13
Q
where is the stomach located on the hypersthenic body habitus?
A
horizontal and high
14
Q
where is the stomach located on a asthenic body habitus?
A
low and vertical
15
Q
name 2 functions of the stomach
A
- storage of food. 2. food is broken down mechanically and chemically
16
Q
what is the mixture of food and secretions in the stomach?
A
chyme
17
Q
Where does the small intestine extend?
A
from the pyloric sphinctor to the ileocecal valve
18
Q
what is the average length of the small intestine?
A
22 feet
19
Q
what are the finger-like projections that assist in absorption and digestion in the small intestine?
A
villi
20
Q
how many layers does the small intestine have?
A
4
21
Q
how many, and what are the portions of the small intestine?
A
3; duodenum, jejunum,ileum
22
Q
how long is the duodenum?
A
8-10 in long
23
Q
what is the first part of the duodenum called?
A
duodenal bulb
24
Q
what does the hepatopancreatic amupulla open to?
A
greater duodenal papilla
25
where does the duodenumm join the jejunum?
duodenojujenal flexure
26
what are the freely moveable loops of the small intestine?
gyri
27
name the parts of the large intestine:
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
28
how long is the large intestine?
5 feet
29
what are thick bands of longitudenal muscle?
taeniae coli
30
what are a series of pouches that make up the large intestine?
haustra
31
name a function of the large intestine
reabsorption and elimination
32
what is the pouch-like portion of the large intestine located below the junction of the ascending colon and the ileum?
cecum
33
what is the worm-like attatchment of the cecum?
vermiform appendix
34
what passes superiorly from the junction with the cecum to the under surface of the liver?
ascending colon
35
where does the ascending colon join the transverse colon?
right colic flexure
36
what is the longest, most moveable part of the colon?
transverse colon
37
where does the transverse colon join the descending colon?
left colic flexure
38
what is an "S" shaped loop that joins the rectom as S-3
sigmoid colon
39
how long is the rectum
6 inches
40
what is the inflammation of the appendix
appendicitis
41
what is the condition of the diverticula in the colon without inflammation?
diverticulosis
42
what is inflammation of the diverticula
diverticulitis
43
what is a pouch created by the herniation of the mucous membrane throught the muscular coat?
diverticulum
44
what is the protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?
hiatal hernia
45
what is telescoping of a portion of the bowel?
intussusception
46
what is a contraction of waves that provides movement throughout the GI tract?
peristalsis
47
how long does it take for barium to reach the rectum?
24 hours
48
what allows us to view the alimentary canal dynamically?
Fluoroscopy
49
what is a water insoluble salt used in exams of the alimentary canal?
barium sulfate
50
name 2 factors the speed of the barium travels through the GI tract depends on.
1. suspension medium, temperature, consistancy, motile function of the canal
51
why is iodinated contrast inferior to barium sulfate studies of the small intestine?
It dilutes in the small intestine
52
if a perforated bowel is suspected, what kind of contrast should be used?
water-soluble iodinated
53
what is a con of using water-soluble iodinated contrast?
bitterness and hyperosmolar
54
why is short exposure time especially important in GI studies?
to eliminate involuntary motion
55
what kind of study of the esophagus only uses barium or water soluble iodinated contrast?
single contrast study
56
a double contrast study of the esophagus utilizes high density barium and what?
carbon dioxide crystals
57
what position should the patient begin in with an esophagram?
upright
58
what size IR should be used for all imaging of the esophagus?
14*17
59
RAO or LAO postions of the esophagus allows viewing of the esphagus to be unobstructed by what?
the vertebra and heart
60
60. Variceal filling of the esophagus may be demonstrated by using the Valsalva maneuver or
full expiration
61
Where should the IR be centered to on an AP projection
Midsagittal plane
62
an RAO oblique esophagus should form what angle with the IR
35-40
63
what plane should be centered to the IR on a lateral esophagus?
midcoronal
64
where should the CR enter the body for an AP projection of the esophagus?
T5-6
65
65. Why would a patient be instructed to swallow a barium tablet during an esophagram?
to evaluate luminal narrowing
66
what is the study of the distal esophagus, stomach and some of the small intestine?
UGI
67
How long should a patient be NPO prior to a UGI
8 hours
68
Name 2 things that can be determined on a UGI
1. size, shape and position of stomach 2. changing contour during peristalsis 3. filling and emptying the duodenal bulb
69
name an advantage of a double contrast UGI series
Small lesions less likely to be overlooked, mucosal lining visualized better
70
a patient undergoes a double-contrast UGI followed by a single contrast exam during what kind of exam?
biphasic exam
71
Where i the IR centered for an upright PA stomach?
3-6 inches lower than when the patient is supine
72
How many degrees should an RAO oblique of the stomach be rotated to demonstrate the pyloric canal and duodenum?
40-70 degrees
73
Exposures of the stomach should be made on...
susppended expiration
74
on the LPO position, the fundus of the stomah is filled with what?
barium
75
what position of the stomach is the best position to demonstrate the pyloric canal and the duodenal bulb in hypersthenic patients?
right lateral position
76
what position best demonstrates the hiatal hernia
AP Trendelenburg
77
Name the 3 methods in which barium can be administered to perform a small bowel series.
1. orally 2. reflux filling 3. enteroclysis
78
what should small bowel series images be identified with?
time and indentifying marker
79
What intervals is a small bowel series done
15-30 mins
80
the radiologist does compression images under fluoroscopy when barium reaches the what?
ileocecal valve
81
a small bowel series ends when barium reaches the cecum, usually about...
2 hours after indegestion
82
what plane is centered to the IR for the SBS images
MSP
83
for the first 30 mins of a SBS, the IR should be centered at
L-2
84
The colon is examined with barium and then with air immediately following evacuation in what kind of BE?
two-stage
85
what distends the lumen and shows mucosal lining of the colon and intraluminal lesions
gaseous medium
86
why might CO2 be used as the negative contrast instead of regular air?
it is absorbed more quickly
87
why id high density barium better for double contrasted BE studies?
Because it absorbs more radiation, hight quality images.
88
what is the alternative to a retrograde filling exam of the large intestine?
Using water-soluble oral contrast, waiting 4 hours, and performing images
89
Why is it important for a BE patient to have the large intestine completely emptied?
Remaining fecal material can appear as polypoid tumors.
90
At what temperature should the barium be prior to administration for a BE?
85-90 degrees
91
What position should a patient lie in while insterting the BE tip?
Sims
92
What kind of image is taken to examine the mucosa of the large intestine?
Post-evacuation
93
Where should the IR be centered for a PA large intestine?
crests
94
How should the IR be arranged for a hypersthenic patient when performing an AP large intestine?
2 crosswise
95
What degree and direction should be used for a PA axial large intestine?
30-40, caudal
96
How can a patient be positioned on a PA Axial large intestine to further reduce the rectosigmoid area?
place pt slightly RAO
97
how much rotation and what position should a patient be placed to demonstrate the right coic flexure while utilizing the PA projection?
35-45, RAO
98
what size IR should be used for a lateral large intestine when the sigmoid area is of interest?
10*12
99
What degree and angulation should be utilized on an AP Axial large intestine?
30-40, cephalic
100
What position should be used to demonstrate the left colic flexure while utilizing the AP projection
RPO
101
What side is best demontrated on an AP left lateral decubitus of the large intestine?
Lateral ascending colon and medial descending "side up"
102
How can you tell which sid is "up" when looking at a decubitus large intestine image?
Air top
103
What method is the only image that demonstrates the sigmoid area in a true axial projection?
Chassard-Lapine Method
104
A surgical procedure for forming an opening through the abdominal wall is termed what?
Enterstomy
105
What is an exam in which batium is put into the rectum and eliminated under fluoroscopy?
Defography
106
what is cholitis
inflammation of the colon
107
what is ileus?
failure of bowel peristalsis
108
what is chrons disease
inflammatory bowel disease, most commonly involving distal ileum
109
what is volvulus
twistin of a bowel loop on itself
