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Biochem/MCM > 1 - 7/31/15 > Flashcards

1 - 7/31/15 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 classes of nutrients utilized by humans?

A

Lipids, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, water

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2
Q

What are the 3 purposes of nutrients?

A

Supply energy for work

Provide building blocks for synthesis of other molecules

Necessary to perpetuate metabolic pathways

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3
Q

What is the unit for nutrients-based energy?

A

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Listed as calories on nutrition labels

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4
Q

What is the energy content of nutrients utilized by humans? (Per one gram burned)

A

Carbohydrates and proteins = 4.1 kcal/g

Lipids = 9.3 kcal/g

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5
Q

What is the energy content of alcohol?

A

7 kcal/g

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6
Q

DRI

A

Dietary reference intake

Values that represent intake of 6 different nutrients

AI
ULI
EAR
RDA

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7
Q

AI

A

Adequate intake, used when RDA cannot be determined, assumed to be adequate intake based on observations of a group of healthy people

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8
Q

UL

A

Highest average daily nutrient intake level unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects

Based on age and gender

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9
Q

EAR

A

Estimated average requirement, Average daily nutrient intake level that meets the requirements of 50% of individuals in a group

Based on age and gender

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10
Q

RDA

A

Recommend dietary allowance, value that represents amount of nutrients consumed that keeps 98% of a population healthy

Population is of same age/life stage and gender

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11
Q

RDA carbs, protein, and lipids?

A 
Carbs = 60% of kcal (1200)
Protein = 30% of kcal (600)
Lipids = 10% of kcal (200)
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12
Q

Kwashiorkor and sx

A

Type of malnutrition that occurs when protein intake is deficient

Irritability, emaciated, edema in feet and hands, swollen moon face, distended abdomen, skin discoloration and lesions, enlarged fatty liver

Prevalent in children from developing countries

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13
Q

Marasmus and sx

A

Malnutrition caused by calorie-deficient diet lacking adequate carbs and protein

Emaciated, no distended abdomen

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14
Q

Emaciation

A

Extreme weight loss and thinness due to loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle

“Wasting away”

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15
Q

Distended

A

Bloating, ballooned, enlarged

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16
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Organic and inorganic molecules that support growth and survival of living organisms

Those utilized by humans are divided into 6 classes

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17
Q

Total Energy Expenditure

A

amount of calories needed to meet the body’s energy demands

TEE = BMR x PAL

variables include age, weight, gender, diet, physical activity, overall health.. expressed as BMR, TEF, and PAL

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18
Q

BMR

A

basal metabolic rate, at rest.. amount of calories required to maintain normal physiological functions, counts for 60-70% of total energy expenditure

variables include age, gender, health, and hormone levels

bigger people will have a higher BMR

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19
Q

TEF

A

thermic effect of food, calories utilized for digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients

accounts for 10% of total body energy expenditure

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20
Q

PAL

A

physical activity level, accounts for calories required to support certain levels of physical exertion (range 1.4-2.4)

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21
Q

How many kcal = 1lb of fat?

A

3500 calories

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22
Q

BMI

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A

vague indicator of one’s “fatness”, body mass index, weight(kg) / height (m^2)

four categories: underweight, healthy, overweight, obese

23
Q

How many kg per 1 lb?

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A

0.45 kg / 1 lb

24
Q

Ways health can effect BMR?

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A

running a fever increases metabolic rate and thus BMR, hyperthyroidism (graves disease) increases BMR, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto thyroiditis) decreases BMR

25
What are vitamins?
heterogeneous class of organic materials that do not provide energy but are essential for normal function lipid-soluble, water-soluble
26
Lipid-soluble vitamins
ADEK, synthesized de novo or obtained from diet when obtained from diet: packed in micelles for absorption by enterocytes/villus cells in the intestines, transported on plasma lipoproteins and stored in liver and adipose tissue NOT excreted, may reach toxic levels in the liver
27
Vitamin A forms
B-Carotene: antioxidant, has derivatives.. Retinal: used to produce retinal pigment rhodopsin Retinoic Acid: nuclear hormone that binds to transcription factors and influences gene transcription, contributes to proper differentiation of epithelial cells topical version, tretinoin, is used to treat acne and wrinkles, isotretinoin is a teratogen and shouldn't be used during pregnancy
28
Vitamin A disorders
night blindness and other visual impairments (dry eyes/xerophythalmia, Bitot's spots/keratin debris), growth impediment, poor wound healing, dry skin, follicular hyperkeratosis, sudden hair loss/alopecia, bronchitis and pneumonia) liver toxicity and join pain
29
Vitamin D forms
active form is calcitriol, base form cholecalciferol (D3 formed via UV irradiation of skin and produced in intestinal cells) cholecalciferol undergoes two hydroxylations (by 25-hydroxylase in liver, then 1-a-hydroxylase in kidneys) calcitriol binds to transcription factors that influence genes that stimulate: absorption of calcium and phosphates from the intestines, reabsorption of calcium in kidneys, promotes resorption of calcium from bone.. the net result is an increased blood concentration of calcium and phosphates to perpetuate proper bone mineralization/bone density *PTH positively regulates calcitriol, calcitriol has negative feedback effect on its own formation mechanism
30
Vitamin D disorders
normal range for blood calcium levels on a CMP/BMP is 8.4-10.2, if levels are below normal.. consider.. inadequate dietary intake, lipid absorption disruptions, poor functioning liver or kidneys (CKD), hypoparathyroidism, lack of sunlight exposure (geographical location and season, excessive sunscreen application).. all of these effect calcitriol synthesis Vitamin D deficiency presents itself as: brittle bones (Rickets in children), osteomalacia in adults (pathological fractures), hypocalcemia tetany (involuntary muscle contractions) Vitamin D in excess can cause hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, patient will appear dazed with a poor appetite, may also cause sarcoidosis
31
Sarcoidosis
presence of clusters of immune cells (granulomas) in various tissues such as the lungs, skin, and lymph nodes
32
Vitamin E forms
gama-tocopherol and a-tocopherol, a-tocopherol more actively retained in body Vitamin E has a long hydrophobic tail that helps it anchor it to cellular membranes serves as antioxidant to protect cell membranes against free radicals and LDL from oxidation (oxidized LDL is more atherogenic than unaltered LDL)
33
Atherogenic
promotes formation of fatty plaques in arteries
34
Vitamin K forms
active for is reduced, called vitamin K hydroquinone, serves as cofactor for gama-carboxylase gama-carboxylase carboxylates glutamate residues on precursor clotting factors turning them into mature clotting factors, mature clotting factors can bind to calcium ions which further allows them to bind to phospholipids on the membranes of platelets, endothelial cells, and vascular cells which leads to blood clotting/coagulation *Warfarin interferes with enzymes that create active form of Vitamin K (Vitamin K hydroquinone)
35
Water-soluble vitamins
NOT stored, excreted in urine and therefore toxic levels are rarely ever reached Deficiencies due to inadequate intake and alcoholism There are 9 water-soluble vitamins: - involved in redox (transfer of electrons): B2, B3, C - involved in non-redox (removal or transfer of chemical groups): B1, B5, B6, B12, Biotin, Folate
36
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin, FMN and FAD (flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide), reduction generates FMNH2 and FADH2 (essential role players in nutrient metabolism and energy production)
37
Vitamin B3
Niacin, NAD+ and NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), reduced to NADH and NADPH where serve as electron carriers and reducing agents (provide electrons)
38
Vitamin C
antioxidant and reducing agent, aka ascorbic acid necessary for formation of collagen, deficiencies cause scurvy with petechiae
39
Scurvy and Petechia
Scurvy includes spongy and bleeding gums with poor wound healing Petechia presents as purple hemorrhagic spots on the skin caused by minor bleeds
40
Folate
Water-soluble vitamin that is a necessary role-player in the growth mechanism of rapidly dividing cells (intestines, hair follicles, oral mucosal cells)
41
What is the function of water in the human body?
Acts as solvent or a reagent in biological reactions, solvent for components of blood, medium for the excretion of wastes, regulates body temperature, comprises 70% of body weight
42
Minerals
heterogeneous class of inorganic nutrients that function as electrolytes, enzyme cofactors, and signaling molecules two categories: macroelements (most abundant) and microelements
43
Macroelements
K^+, Cl^-, Na^+, Ca^2+, Mg^2+, and PO4^-3 Most abundant minerals because they're required in over 100mg/d Concentrations, higher outside cell: Na, Ca, Cl Concentrations, higher inside cell: K, Mg, PO4 Major cations: Na, K Major anions: Cl, PO4
44
Microelements
aka trace elements, required in less than 100mg/d Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo (molybdenum), Mn (manganese), Co (cobalt), Cr (chromium), S, Se, I, and F (fluorine)
45
What are the major electrolytes?
Na, Cl, K main electrolytes that maintain osmotic pressure and acid-base balance (pH) their concentration gradients perpetuate nerve conduction and muscle activation Na involved with nutrient absorption in kidneys and intestines, K involved with regulation of insulin secretion
46
Significance of kidneys in maintenance of homeostasis
Kidneys filter blood and make sure nutrients are reabsorbed and waste (urea and ammonia) are excreted in urine Thus, they assist in regulation of electrolytes.. which regulates pH and volume of bodily fluids
47
K disorders
hypokalemia: caused by low dietary intake or diarrhetic use, sx include: myalgia, cramps, constipation, arrhythmias, flaccid paralysis hyperkalemia: kidney disease, drugs (spironolactone), sx include: palpitations, arrhythmias
48
Na disorders
hyponatremia: caused by increased renal excretion (HCTZ or other diuretics, excessive aldosterone) or excessive water reabsorption from kidneys (due to excessive secretion of ADH, CHF, or chronic liver disease), sx include convulsions and cerebral edema hypernatremia: caused by decreased renal excretion or decreased water reabsorption from kidneys (insufficient ADH due to DI), sx include confulsions and cerebral edema, lack of ADH can cause dehydration
49
ADH
anti-diuretic hormone, aka vasopressin
50
Cl disorders
hypochloremia: caused by vomiting, sc include chronic repirators acidosis and metabolic alkalosis hyperchloremia: caused by intravenous saline, diarrhea, drugs, sx include: weakness, labored breathing, intense thirst
51
What minerals are stored as salts in collagen matrix of bone and teeth?
Ca, PO3, Mg bone is a resorvoir for these ions and degrades when they need to be mobilized to other parts of the body for various functions Ca represents 1.5-2% of the body's mass, found floating freely/attached to albumin/bound to phosphates in bone mineral hydroxyapatite, PO3 is roughly 1%
52
Important functions of the three minerals stored in hydroxyapatite
Ca, Mg, PO3 Ca: contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, involved in propagation of nerve impulses, important component of blood clotting/coagulation cascade Mg: contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, involved in propagatino of nerve impulses, important cofactor for many enzymes (especially ones that utilize ATP), plays role in hormone-receptor binding, neurotransmitter release, and gating of transmembrane cation channels PO4: component of nucleic acids, component of high-energy bonds in ATP (which are hydrolyzed to release energy), used to phosphorylate (activate and deactivate enzymes), helps trap glucose inside cells
53
Three hormones that regulate blood Ca and PO4 levels
Calcitriol: active for of Vit D, produced in kidneys, increases blood levels of Ca and PO4 PTH: parathyroid hormone, produced and secreted by parathyroid glands, increases blood Ca and decreases blood PO4 levels, lower blood PO4 levels allows Ca to circulate more freely Calcitonin: decreases blood Ca and PO4 levels, produced by thyroid gland
54
What are the most abundant microelements?
Zn, Fe, Cu All come from grains, Fe and Zn come from meat, Cu comes from poultry/fruits/chocolate, Fe comes from dark green veggies *Zn absorption is inhibited by certain minerals and bran

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