1 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Structure of vertebrates
A
Descriptive morphology
2
Q
Significance of the structure
A
Functional morphology
3
Q
Structure - product of development of the individual
A
Ontogenesis
4
Q
Structure - product of development of the species/group
A
Phylogenesis
5
Q
Phylum chrodata
A
Urochordata
Cephalochordata
Craniata
6
Q
With notochord in embryo at least
A
Chordata
7
Q
With nuerocranium
A
Craniates
8
Q
Derived characteristics of chordates
A
Notochord Pharyngeal pouches Dorsal hollow nerve cord Post-anal tail Endostyle
9
Q
1st skeletal support
A
Notochord
10
Q
Rod of living cells located below the CNS and dorsal to alimentary tract
A
Notochord
11
Q
Notochord in fishes
A
Persists, constructed within centrum
12
Q
Notochord in reptiles, birds, and mammals
A
Almost obliterated
Replaced by a vertebral column or backbone
13
Q
Vestige in mammals, within intervertebral disc, and none in modern birds and reptiles
A
Pulpy nucleus
14
Q
Diverticula of pharyngeal endoderm which grow towards surface abd form gill slits
A
Pharyngeal pouches
15
Q
Pharyngeal pouches in fishes
A
Permanent (gills)
16
Q
Pharyngeal pouches in amphibians
A
Temporary (in larvae only)
17
Q
Pharyngeal pouches in reptiles, birds, mammals
A
Absent
18
Q
Serves as skeletal support
A
Pharyngeal arches
19
Q
Components of pharyngeal arches
A
Skeletal elements
Striated muscle
Cranial muscle
Aortic arches
20
Q
Skeletal muscles
A
Visceral skeleton
21
Q
Straited muscle
A
Branchiomeric muscle
22
Q
Cranial nerves
A
5th, 6th, 9th, 10th
23
Q
Aortic arches
A
Connect dorsal and ventral aortas
24
Q
Fates of pharyngeal arches
A
Mandibular arch (1st) Hyoid arch (2nd) Branchial arch (3rd)
25
Lateral outpocketings of pharynx, matched on the extrior by paired grooves
Gill pouches
26
One or more pairs of gill pouches break through to exterior grooves
Serve as exit for water from mouth snd passed over the gills
Gill slits
27
From anterior to posterior
| Enlarged as brain at anterior part
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
28
Extending behind anus
Post-anal tail
29
Midventral mucus-secreting groove in pharynx of protochordates
Homologue of craniate thyroid
Endostyle
30
Common vertebrte heritage
Vertebrates share a common ancestry and a common pattern of eary development
31
1. Regional Differentiation
Head and Neck
| Anterior trunk
32
Head and Neck
Cephalic - head
Cranial - contains the brain
Cervical - neck region
Facial - face
33
Anterior trunk
```
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic
Inguinal
Pectoral
Pelvic
Sternal
```
34
Between the lower ribs and the pelvis
Abdominal
35
Abdominal and pelvic regions
Abdominopelvic
36
Groin; depressed regionsat the junction of the thighs to the anterior trunk
Inguinal
37
Chest region
Pectoral
38
Region enclosed by the pelvic bones
Pelvic
39
Region over the breatbone and between thebtwo pectoral regions
Sternal
40
Anatomical planes
Frontal plane
Saggital plane
Transverse plane
41
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portion
Frontal plane
42
Divides the body into left and right sides
Saggital plane
43
Diveds the body into upper or lower parts
Tranverse plane
44
Segmentation
Metamerism
45
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain and its coverings
Cranial
46
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the begginings of spinal nerves
Vertebral
47
Satellite characteristics of vertebrates
```
Integument
Digestive
Coelom
Respiratory
Circulatory
```
48
Integument
2 layers (epidermis and dermis)
49
Digestive
```
Complete
Ventral and specialized regions
Ceca/diverticula - liver and pancreas
Ends in cloaca
Opens in anys
```
50
Coelom
Pericardial
Pleupentonial (pleuralwnd abdominal)
Scrotal
Cavities
51
Respiratory
Gills and lungs
52
Circulatory
Closed circulatory
| Heart, blood vessels, and blood
53
Directions
```
Anterior - posterior
Cranial - caudal
Dorsal - ventral
Proximal - distal
Medial - lateral
Superior - inferior
```
54
Ventral body cavity
Thoracic
| Abdominopelvic
55
Chest cavity, separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm
Thoracic
56
Contains lungs
Pleural (right and left)
57
Contains heart
Pericardial
58
Region between the lungs form the breastbone to backbone that contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and many large blood and lymphatic vessels
Mediastinum
59
Sudivuded into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominopelvic
60
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
Abdominal
61
Contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal female and male reproductive organs
Pelvic
62
Vertebral body cavity
Thoracic cavity
| Abdominopelvic cavity
63
Thoracic cavity
Right pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavity
64
Abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
| Pelvic cavity
65
Found in the medistinum that surrounds the heart
Pericardial cavity
66
Reveals similarities and differences among animals today
Study of the structure of living species
67
Reveal what vertabrates were like in the past
| Assembling data in geological time frame showsa panorama of changes through time
Study of extinct species
68
Sustems of classification
Artificial classification
Natural classification
Phenetic classification
Phylogenetic classification
69
Advantage of artifical classification
Scheme is easy easy to develop and relatively stable (unlikely to change)
70
Disadvantage of artificial classification
Does not necessarily show evolutionary relationships and for this reason are not comminly used
71
Sinilarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
Shared a common ancestor
Can be used to predict characteristics shared by species within a group
Natural classification
72
Use of overall similarity
Phenetic classification
73
Sneath and Sokal (1973)
Studies phenetic classification based on morphological sinilarity
74
Based on evolutionary descent of a group of organisms
Phylogentic classification
75
Used phylogenetic classification
Prantl (1893) and Engler (1930)
76
Show evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms
Cladograms
77
A trait that arose in the common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants
Derived characteristics
78
Blastopore gives rise to mouth
Protostomes
79
Blastopore gives rise to anus
Deuterostomes
80
Geological eras of early vertebrates
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
81
Age of fishes
Paleozoic
82
Age of reptiles
Mesozoic
83
Age of mammals
Cenozoic
84
3 subdivisions of chordates
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Craniata
85
All convert their notochord to vertebral column or bsckbone except hagfish
Large and divers grouo include fishes and tetrapods
Chordates
86
Cephalochordata
Amphioxus
87
Urochordata
Tunicates, sea squirts
88
Presence of cranium to protect the brain
Craniata
89
Vertebrates
```
Agnatha
Chondrichthyes
Osteichthyes
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
```
90
Jawless vertebrates
No paired pectoral/pelvic fins
Have no scales
Agnatha
91
Round mouth
Cyclostomes
92
800 species of sharks, skates and ray, anf chimaeras
Chondrichthyes
93
Skeleton is made up of cartilage, not bone
Chondrichthyes
94
Dermal scales of chondrichthes
Placoid
95
Pelvic fins of the male are modifies for depositing sperm in the reproductive tract of the female
Claspers
96
Agnatha
Ostracoderms
| Cyclostomata
97
First vertebrates
No jaws and paired fins
Dermal bony armor
Extinct at the end of devonian
Ostracoderms
98
Cyclostomata
Petromyzonzontiformes
Myxiniformes
Acanthodii
Placodermi
99
Lampreys
Petromyzontiformes
100
Body wall musclelature
| Overlapping
Myomeres
101
Myxiniformes
Hagfish
102
Oldest jawed fishes
Dermal bony armor
Bone and cartilage and large operticulum
Acanthodii
103
Armored fishes
With jaws and paired fins
1st jaws were large
Placodermi
104
Vertebrates that have jaws
| Outnumber jawless vertebrates
Gnathostomes
105
Chondrichthyes
Elasmobranchii
| Holocephali
106
Cartilagenous fishes
Chondrichthyes
107
Sharks, skates, sawfish
| Squalus
Elasmobranchii
108
Chimaeras
| Ratfishes
Holocephali
109
With operculum
| Bony skeleton
Osteichthyes
- Actinopterygii
- Sarcopterygii
110
Paddlefish, sturgeon, gars, bowfin, teleosts
| Lack internal nares
Actinopterygii
111
Cartilagenous period
Chondrostean
112
Bony ganoid
Holostean
113
Modern bony fishes
Teleosts
114
Actinopterygii
Chondrostei
Holostei
Teleostei
115
Most primitive
Heterocercal tail
Sturgeon, paddlefish, Polypterus
Chondrostei
116
Dominant in the past
Heterocercal tail
Gar, bowfin
Holostei
117
Dominant today
Homocercal tail
Majority of all fish
Teleostei
118
Tail: Vertebral axis curved upward
Heterocercal
119
Tail: Spear shaped
Diphycercal
120
Tail: Symmetrical dorsal and ventral lobes
Homocercal
121
Fleshy lobe finned fishes
Sarcopterygii
122
Sarcopterygii
Actinistia
| Rhipidistia
123
Coelacanth
Actinistia
124
Lungfish
Rhipidistia
125
Significant adaptations of rhipidistia
Two atria and a partial septum in the ventricle of the heart
| And enzyme system to convert ammonia into the less toxic urea
126
Linking evidences
Limbs evolved
Vertebrae
Girdles similar
Fin's skeletal composition exhibits homology with early amphibians
