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Question 1

Monogenea

Answer 1

(Platyhelminthes) direct lifestyle, mostly found on external surfaces of fish and amphibia, e.g. Gyrodactilus, but also sometimes endoparasitic e.g Polystoma

Question 2

Digenea

Answer 2

(Platyhelmenthes) flukes or trematodes; adults endoparasitic, e.g Schistosoma, Fasciola (liver fluke), Dicrocoelium (bile ducts of ruminants); other stages in snails and other intermediate hosts.

Question 3

Eucestoda

Answer 3

(Platyhelminthys) tapeworms, e.g. Echinococcus (dog tapeworm, hydatid disease in humans)’ Diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm, Tenia (adult - beef and pork tapeworms, larvae - cysticercosis.

Question 4

Excavata

Answer 4

(Parasitic protists or protozoa)

Flagellates - locomotion by one or more flagella, e.g Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas.

Question 5

Uniconta

Answer 5

(Parasitic protists or protozoa)

Amoeba - locomotion by pseudopodia, but may also have stage with a flagellum, e.g Enthamoeba, Naegleria, Acanthampeba

Question 6

Chromalveolata

Answer 6

(Parasitic protists or protozoa)
Apicomplexa - spore-forming protozoa - no obvious means of locomotion, move by gliding, except for flagellated gamete stage, e.g. Plasmodium, Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium

Question 7

microparasites

Answer 7

Protozoa (bacteria viruses)
ONE IN, BECOME MANY.
One individual can kill/parasitase the host by binary fusion

Question 8

Macroparasites

Answer 8

Worms - NEED TWO WORMS ONE OF WHICH FEMALE in order to parasitize (need a mate if not fertilised before arrival). The number of parasites that enter is the number you remain with.

Question 9

obligatory parasite

Answer 9

Always parasitic for at least half of lifecycle/ a stage in the environment.

Question 10

Facultative parasites

Answer 10

Becomes parasitic if opportunity arises - accidental infection , free living usually

Question 11

Definitive host

Answer 11

Host in which parasite undergoes SEXUAL reproduction

Question 12

Intermediate host

Answer 12

Host in which parasite develops or multiplies, but does NOT undergoes SEXUAL reproduction

Question 13

Vector

Answer 13

Micropredator that actively delivers parasites to the next host e.g malaria mosquito. Could be the definitive or intermediate but a vector in the same time

Question 14

Paratenic host

Answer 14

Transport host. No development or multiplication of parasites (does not develop staus in the same larvae stage)

Question 15

zoonosis

Answer 15

Disease naturally transmitted by VERTEBRATE animals and mammals

Question 16

tapeworm anatomy terminology

Answer 16

= cestodes
Head = scolex
Body =  strobila
Larvae stage = cysticerus
oncosphere = larval form of a tapeworm once it has been ingested by an intermediate host animal.

Question 17

apicoplast

Answer 17

a relic chloroplast found in plasmodium

Question 18

the two life stages of Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 18

tachyzoites - fast, inside the body, can attack many nuclei cells.
bradyzoites - slow, in cysts

Question 19

have reliquary mitochondria

Answer 19

Giardia duodenalis - mitosome

Question 20

Anaerobic metabolism - where and what

Answer 20

Trichomonas vaginalis – hydrogenosome, modified mitochondrion that produces ATP releasing hydrogen as a biproduct.

Question 21

cercaria

Answer 21

larval digenean stage, usually released from mollusc intermediate host. plural - cercariae

Question 22

helminth

Answer 22

parasitic worms, generally meaning the platyhelminths, nematodes and acanthocephalans

Question 23

miracidium

Answer 23

ciliated stage released from digenean egg, which usually infects the mollusc intermediate host

Question 24

oncomiracidium

Answer 24

ciliated larval stage of monogeneans

Question 25

plerocercoid

Answer 25

larval cestode that infective to the definitive host

Question 26

procercoid

Answer 26

larval cestode in the first intermediate host

Question 27

proglottid

Answer 27

‘segment’ of cestode body, each of which is a reproductive unit

Question 28

redia

Answer 28

intra-molluscan, intermediate, feeding stage of digenean

Question 29

scolex

Answer 29

anterior-most end of cestodes, by which attachment to the host occurs

Question 30

sporocyst

Answer 30

intra-molluscan, non-feedidng, intermediate stage of digenean