1 Adaptive Immunity to Microbes

Question 1

What immune system eliminates normal flora or other non-pathogens that enter host?

Answer 1

Innate immune system

Question 2

The bacteria that are usually eliminated by innate immunity have what characteristics?

Answer 2

1. non-encapsulated
2. activated by alternative complement
3. PMNs/Macrophages

Question 3

T-F–The bacteria eliminated by the innate immune system cannot cause serious illnesses?

Answer 3

False- they can in immune compromised individuals

Question 4

What pathogen is the number one cause of bloodstream infections?

Answer 4

staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 5

What cells make up the humoral a portion of the immune system and are antigen specific?

Answer 5

B lymphocytes and antibodies

Question 6

What cells make up the Cellular immune system and are antigen specific?

Answer 6

T-Lymphocytes

Question 7

What cells make up the humoral immune system that are antigen non-specific?

Answer 7

ACUTE: PMN/complement
CHRONIC:macrophages/complement

Question 8

What cells make up the cellular immune system and are antigen non-specific?

Answer 8

macrophages

Question 9

What are the major categories of microbes?

Answer 9

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites

Question 10

What are the 3 classifications of Bacteria?

Answer 10

Toxigenic extracellular
Non-toxigenic extracellular
Intracellular

Question 11

In regards to microbial immunity, what are the major things antibodies do alone?

Answer 11

1. neutralize exotoxins

2. Neutralize some viruses and some obligate intracellular bacteria during their extracellular phase

Question 12

In regards to microbial immunity, what does antibody opsonization accomplish (what cells microbial classification does it attack)?

Answer 12

effective against extracellular bacteria

Question 13

What microbial classification is attacked by CD4 T cell activating macrophages? 4 of them

Answer 13

1. intracellular bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Protozoa and other parasites?
4. Maybe some viruses

Question 14

Does IgE eliminate pathogens>

Answer 14

According to the powerpoint, it does not.

Question 15

What microbial classifications are attacked by CD8 T cells?

Answer 15

1. Listeria monocytogenes (and some other bad)
2. MOST VIRUSES
3. TRANSPLANTS

Question 16

What is needed for protection against most potent exotoxins?

Answer 16

vaccination [they are often too toxic to stimulate the immune response i.e. diphtheria, tetanus….]

Question 17

When are toxoids useful?

Answer 17

In creating vaccines [they are inactivated toxins and retain immunogenicity]

Question 18

What toxins target the immune system and resist antibody responses?

Answer 18

staph aureus
strep pyogenes
[hence, remain susceptible to illness even upon recovery]

Question 19

What are the 3 types of super antigens?

Answer 19

1. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1
2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins A-X
3. Streptococcal Pyrogenic exotoxins A-C, G-L, superantigen and mitogenic exotoxin

Question 20

How many T cells are activated by antigen in comparison to super antigen?

Answer 20

Antigen= 1/10,000
Superantigen= 50%

[This is why the antigen response is controlled and the super antigen response includes massive cytokine release and toxic shock]

Question 21

What is used for a treatment for Kawasaki Syndrome, strep toxic shock syndrome, some staph toxic shock, and post exposure prevention of Hep A?

Answer 21

intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG]

pool of antibodies mainly IgG from volunteer donors

Question 22

What toxins has the military stockpiled IVIG agains from vaccinated soldiers?

Answer 22

anthrax and aerosolized superantigens

Question 23

Is IVIG used for passive or active protection?

Answer 23

passive

Question 24

Slide 10-14 have a ton of pathogens you could potentially look at. He didn’t say to memorize them all, but it might be worth just glancing over to make sure you know what category they fit in. What category is gram + and gram - bacteria?

Answer 24

Extracellular [Ab based immunity]

I shared this one because he seemed to really emphasize it.

Question 25

What microbial immune systems play a major role for viruses?

Answer 25

CD8, Ab, and some CD4-->Macropahge

Question 26

What microbial system handles all of the fungi

Answer 26

CD4 activated macrophages

Question 27

What microbial defense immune system handles protozoa?

Answer 27

CD4 activated macrophages

Question 28

What microbial defense immune system handles helminths?

Answer 28

No system really

Question 29

Acute infections usually result in significant inflammation, what immune pathway dominates?

Answer 29

antibody with complement and PMNs

Question 30

The itis infections are usually by what immune system response?

Answer 30

opsonization- extracellular pathogens [otitis media, meningitis etc]

Question 31

What immune response usually takes place for the osis named chronic infections?

Answer 31

Abs fail and the T cell immune system remains---infections usually have granulomas associated

Question 32

What happens in chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 32

humoral immunity fails, CD4 T cells cause granulomas without controlling staph infection

Question 33

the appearance of antibodies in primary immune responses is not completely even, what antibody is predominant at day 4 and which one starts taking over after day 7?

Answer 33

IgM and then IgG takes over

Question 34

The appearance of antibodies in memory responses is uneven. Which one is the most predominant on day 4?

Answer 34

IgG by a lot! IgM is still there in the normal amount

Question 35

In a T independent memory response with IgM only antibodies…what does the bacterial polysaccharide polymer induce in the B lymphocyte?

Answer 35

1. capping of the Ig-Ag 2. Differentiate in Plasma cells 3. secrete mainly IgM

Question 36

What is the major B cell response in the T dependent pathway of activation? Can they respond to only polysaccharides?

Answer 36

1. Secretes IgM and then switches to IgG etc. MEMORY B CELLS---- MEMORY RESPONSE. \ 2. They can respond to proteins, polysacc, DNA and other molecules

Question 37

What does CD4 T cells release in order to activate macrophages in CD4 T cell macrophage immunity?

Answer 37

Interferon y--- IFy

Question 38

What does CD4 T cell activated macrophages primarily kill?

Answer 38

bacteria that can live intracellularly, fungi, protozoa and some viruses

Question 39

When does CD8 cells recognize something to kill?

Answer 39

MHC class 1 on a host cell with presentation of a viral component

Question 40

Do you need to have MHCII and MHCI to make the CD8 mediated pathway to work?

Answer 40

yes [MHC II on the APC with the foreign antigen activating the CD4 T cell which activates CD8 with IL-2 and MHC I on the non-immune cell with foreign antigen]