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PYB304 > 1. Anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

1. Anatomy of the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biopsychology?

A

It is the scientific study of the biology of behaviour (Pinel, 2018). It systematically investigates overt behaviour and underlying internal processes. A teamwork effort where the knowledge of behaviour and behavioural research is crucial.

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2
Q

What are the “bio” branches of biopsychology?

A 
Neuroanatomy
Neuro-endocrinology 
Neuro-chemistry
Neuropathology
Neuropharmacology
NeuroPhysiology
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3
Q

neuroanatomy

A

structure nervous system

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4
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

nervous/endocrine system

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5
Q

neurochemistry

A

chemical basis of neural activity

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6
Q

neuropathology

A

nervous system disorders

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7
Q

neuropharmacology

A

effects of drugs

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8
Q

neurophysiology

A

function nervous system

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9
Q

what are the psychological branches of biopsychology?

A 
Physiological psychology
psychopharmacology
neuropsychology
psychophysiology 
cognitive neuroscience
competitive psychology
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10
Q

Physiological psychology

A

studies behaviour based on neural mechanisms - animal research

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11
Q

psychopharmacology

A

studies neural activity and behaviour manipulated with drugs - animal and human research

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12
Q

neuropsychology

A

studies psychological effects of brain damage in human patients

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13
Q

psychophysiology

A

studies the relation between physiological activity and psychological processes - human research

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14
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

studies the neural bases of cognitive (higher intellectual processes; e.g. memory and attention); human research

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15
Q

competitive psychology

A

studies the biological basis of behaviour, often times across species

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16
Q

what are the two divisions of the brain

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

what are the divisions of the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

what are the divisions of the somatic nervous system and autonomic?

A

afferent nerves and efferent nerves

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20
Q

what are the divisions of the efferent nerves in the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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21
Q

what is afferent?

A

CNS approach (approach)

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22
Q

what is efferent?

A

away from the CNS (exit)

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23
Q

how much does the adult human brain weigh?

A

about 3 pounds (1.3-1.4 kgs)

about 2% of the total body weight

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24
Q

how much energy does the brain consume?

A

about 20% of the total energy consumption

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25
what is the surface area of the cerebral cortex?
about 2500sq. cm (0.25sq.m ~2.5sq.ft
26
how many neurons are in the adult brain?
90 billion
27
how many connections are estimated to be in the human brain?
100 trillion connections
28
meninges
membranes around the brain
29
what are the three kinds of meninges?
dura matter arachnoid menix pia matter
30
what are cerebrospinal fluids?
acts as shock absorber; mediates between blood vessels and brain tissue
31
from the scalp, what is the order do the kinds of meninges?
(scalp) (skull) 1. dura matter 2. arachnoid meninx 3. pia matter (cortex)
32
what are protectors of the brain?
meninges cerebrospinal fluid ventricular system choroid plexus secretes CST
33
what is in the choroid plexus secretes CSF?
lateral ventrical third ventrical fourth ventricle
34
what is the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
125-150mL
35
how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced?
400-500 mL produced every day
36
what does cerebrospinal fluid look like?
clear and colourless
37
blood-brain barrier
specially structured cerebral blood vessels with tightly packed walls, which prevents influx of many toxic substances (but not dependent on size!). can be penetrated
38
anterior - posterior
front - back
39
dorsal - ventral
toward top / at back - under/belly/front
40
medial/lateral
towards the middle/towards the sides
41
what are the planes of the brain?
sagattal plant horizontal plane cross section frontal plant
42
horizontal plane
cuts the brain in half horizontally
43
frontal plane
cuts the brain in half vertically from left to right
44
cross section
cuts horizontally across the brain stem
45
what are the major divisions of the brain?
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
46
sections of the forebrain
telencephalon | diencephalon
47
another word for midbrain
mesencephalon
48
sections of the hindbrain
metencephalon | myelencephalon
49
telencephalon
two (mostly) symmetrical hemispheres.
50
what are the sections of the telencephalon?
``` longitudinal fissure precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) central fissure postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex) ```
51
sulcus and fissure
grooves in the brain
52
gyrus
bumps on the brain
53
what are the major fissures?
central fissure lateral fissure longitudinal fissure
54
what are the major gyrus?
precentral gyrus postcentral gyrus superior temporal gyrus
55
frontal lobe
executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving,emotions and behavioural control, personality
56
motor cortex
movement
57
sensory cortex
sensations
58
parietal lobe
perception, making sense of the world, anthmetic, spelling
59
occipital lobe
vision
60
temporal love
memory, understanding language
61
what re the major divisions of the cerebral cortex?
``` frontal lobe motor cortex sensory cortex parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe ```
62
limbic system
part of telecephalon | generally thought to be implied in motivated behaviour (feeding, fighting, flight, sexual behaviour).
63
what are the main structures researched in the limbic system?
amygdala | hippocampus
64
basal ganglia
part of telencephalon | generally thought to be implied in voluntary motor responses and decision making.
65
what structure of the brain is considered a part of the basal ganglia and limbic system?
the amygdala
66
what is research on the basal ganglia particularly interested in?
pathway from substantia nigra (midbrain or mesencephalon) to striatum (putamen plus caudate) - Parkinson's disease
67
what is in the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
68
thalamus
consists of sensory relay nuclei that project information in a two-way fashion
69
hypothalamus
implied in motivated behaviour through hormone regulation from pituitary gland
70
what is in the hypothalamus?
optic chiasm and mammillary bodies
71
optic chiasm
point where optic nerves meet (contralateral and ipsilateral)
72
mammillary Bodies
recollective and recognitional memory function
73
parts of the mesencephalon
tectum and tegmentum
74
parts of the tectum
``` inferior colliculi (auditory function) superior colliculi (visual-motor function) ```
75
parts of the tegmentum
periaqueduct grey | substantia nigra
76
periaqueduct grey
grey matter around aqueduct that connects 3rd and 4th ventrical; pain-reducing effects
77
parts of the metencephalon
reticular formation | cerebellum
78
reticular formation
reaches from posterior boundaries of myencephalon to anterior boundary of mesencephalon collection of nuclei with variety of functions; creates a bulge = pons
79
cerebellum
litle brain | important sensorimotor system; likely broader function due to observed cognitive deficits in cerebellar damage
80
myelencephalon (aka medulla)
comprised largely of tracts carrying signals between brain and body
81
includes reticular formation
reaches from posterior boundary of myencephalon to anterior boundary of mesencephalon collection of nuclei with variety of functions

PYB304 (5 decks)

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