1 - Anatomy of the Heart and Circulation

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 1

standing with feet shoulder-width apart and palms facing forward

Question 2

What anatomical term describes the position that is towards the back of the body?
What is the corresponding term used in neuroscience?

Answer 2

posterior

dorsal

Question 3

What anatomical term describes the position that is towards the head?
What is the corresponding term used in neuroscience?

Answer 3

superior

cranial/rostral

Question 4

What anatomical term describes the position that is towards the front of the body?
What is the corresponding term used in neuroscience?

Answer 4

anterior

ventral

Question 5

What anatomical term describes the position that is towards the feet?
What is the corresponding term used in neuroscience?

Answer 5

inferior

caudal

Question 6

What does the midline refer to?

Answer 6

the straight line down the middle of the body, dividing it into 2 equal halves

Question 7

What do the terms medial and lateral describe?

Answer 7

medial - towards the midline

lateral - further from the midline

Question 8

what do the terms superficial and deep describe?

Answer 8

superficial - close to the surface of the skin

deep - deeper into the skin

Question 9

What do the terms proximal and distal describe?

Answer 9

(used when referring to limbs)
proximal - towards the midline
distal - away from the midline

Question 10

What are the 3 planes of imaging?

Answer 10

• frontal/coronal - separates the body into anterior and posterior
• saggital - along the midline , so a side view can be seen
• horizontal/axial/transverse axis - cuts the body horizontally (the image is seen as though the patients is lying face up with their feet closest to you)

Question 11

What are the layers of the pericardium?

Answer 11

consists of 2 layers: fibrous and serous
serous layer has 2 layers
- parietal - closest to the outside, lines the fibrous layer
- visceral - closest to the organ, adheres to the heart

Question 12

What are the 5 main vessels that lead directly to the heart?

Answer 12

• (ascending) aorta
• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava
• pulmonary trunk
• (4) pulmonary veins

Question 13

Why is the pulmonary trunk not called the pulmonary artery?

Answer 13

it is the trunk before it branches into 2 pulmonary arteries

Question 14

What is different about the position of the pulmonary vein as it enters the heart?

Answer 14

it enters the heart posteriorly (so cannot be seen from an anterior view)

Question 15

What is the name of the vessels that supply and drain both the head and the upper limbs (before they divide into 2)?

Answer 15

brachiocephalic

Question 16

What vessels branch of the aortic arch?

Answer 16

• right brachiocephalic trunk
  which then branches/bifurcates into 2 arteries: the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery
• left common carotid artery
• left subclavian artery

Question 17

What does it mean if a vessel is ‘common’?

Answer 17

it will further subdivide/branch

Question 18

Name:

a) an artery in the neck
b) a vein in the neck

Answer 18

a) common carotid artery

b) internal jugular vein

Question 19

What veins feed into the superior vena cava and what feeds into these veins?

Answer 19

• for both right and left:
  subclavian and internal jugular veins feed into the brachiocephalic veins
• the brachiocephalic veins from the right and the left feed into the superior vena cava

Question 20

How many brachiocephalic arteries and veins are there?

Answer 20

1 artery

2 veins

Question 21

Name the valves on the right and left side of the heart:

Answer 21

RIGHT
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary valve
LEFT
- mitral valve
- aortic valve

Question 22

Where do the coronary arteries emerge from?

Answer 22

from the aorta, just above the aortic valve (therefore, it carries the most highly oxygenated blood)

• right CA - just above the right cusp of the aortic valve
• left CA - just above the left cusp of the aortic valve

Question 23

Where do the coronary veins drain into?

Answer 23

the right atrium