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Microbiology > 1 - Bacterial Ultrastructure and Morphology > Flashcards

1 - Bacterial Ultrastructure and Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe nucleus of prokaryotes

A

nucleoid: primitive without cell membrane

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2
Q

Describe nucleus of eukaryotes

A

true nucleus: DNA is enclosed in nuclear membrane

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3
Q

Distinguishing cell membrane characteristic of prokaryotes

A

No carbohydrates

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4
Q

Do prokaryotes have cytoskeleton?

A

Nope.

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5
Q

Describe DNA of prokaryotes.

A

Single, circular, no histones

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6
Q

Cell division of prokaryotes

A

binary fission

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7
Q

Average diameter of bacteria

A

0.5 to 2.0 um

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8
Q

4 forms of bacteria

A

spiral, rod, vibrio, spherical

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9
Q

Describe spherical bacteria

A

coccus/cocci, may occur singly, in chain or clusters

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10
Q

Describe rod form of bacteria

A

bacillus/bacilli, no cluster arrangement

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11
Q

What is a coccobacilli?

A

A very short form of bacilli that appers like cocci.

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12
Q

Describe vibrio form of bacteria.

A

curved bacteria, single turn with comma shape

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13
Q

Describe spiral bacteria.

A

Has series of turns and twists that may or may not have hook. Can be regular or irregular.

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14
Q

3 components of the general structure of bacteria.

A

cell surface, cytoplasm, cell appendages

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15
Q

This cellular component confers the bacterium’s rigidity and shape and is responsible for its VIABILITY.

A

Cell Wall

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16
Q

Type of cell wall of a bacterium

A

peptidoglycan layer

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17
Q

Other term for peptidoglycan layer

A

murein sacculus (mucopeptide)

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18
Q

An immediate precursor of lysine in bacterial synthesis that is unique in bacterial cell wall

A

diaminopimelic acid

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19
Q

(-) vs (+): Has multilayered cell wall.

A

Gram positive bacteria

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20
Q

(-) vs (+): Has periplasmic space in its cell wall to separate peptidoglycan layer from cytoplasmic membrane

A

Gram negative bacteria

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21
Q

(-) vs (+): Cell wall is almost exclusively peptidoglycan

A

Gram positive bacteria

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22
Q

(-) vs (+): Cell wall commonly produces exotoxins

A

Gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

(-) vs (+): Layer of cell wall that is unique in gram negative bacteria

A

Outer membrane

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24
Q

(-) vs (+): Components of the outer layer of the cell wall of a gram negative bacteria.

A

Lipid A endotoxin, core polysaccharide, O antigen

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25
Q

Responsible for virulence and negative charge of cell surface in gram positive bacteria.

A

Teichoic acid

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26
Q

Teichoic acid is a polymer of?

A

Ribitol or glycerol phosphate

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27
Q

(-) vs (+): Has a more complex cell envelope.

A

Gram negative bacteria

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28
Q

(-) vs (+): Has transmembrane proteins in its cell wall.

A

Gram negative bacteria.

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29
Q

Transmembrane protein in a gram negative bacteria’s cell wall that maintains the integrity of the outer membrane.

A

Integral proteins

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30
Q

Transmembrane protein in a gram negative bacteria’s cell wall that facilitates entry of small molecular substance.

A

Porins

31
Q

What do you call the plasma membrane of prokaryotes?

A

cytoplasmic membrane

32
Q

Thin, ductile, elastic, TRILAMINAR structure that encloses the cytoplasm.

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

33
Q

Function of the cytoplasmic membrane.

A

For selective permeability. Acts as a selective barrier.

34
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of a bacteria’s cytoplasmic membrane.

A

Inner hydrophobic, outer hydrophilic

35
Q

The enzymes in the cytoplasmic membrane of a bacteria are for?

A

ATP production via electron transport chain

36
Q

These are infoldings/invaginations in the cytoplasmic membrane that contain circular or tubular structure attached to DNA chromatin for cell replication/division

A

Mesosomes

37
Q

Well-defined mucoid polysaccharide structure on the cell wall that protects the wall from desiccation

A

Capsule or glycocalyx

38
Q

Property of the capsule that prevents the bacteria’s ingestion by WBC.

A

Anti-phagocytic properties

39
Q

If the capsule or glycocalyx is loosely adherent to the cell wall.

A

Slime layer

40
Q

Other functions of the capsule/glycocalyx aside as protection from desiccation.

A

source of nutrition, adhesion to environment

41
Q

This contains the prokaryote’s genome

A

Nucleoid

42
Q

In eukaryotes, the outermost nuclear membrane is continuous with the?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

The number of nucleoids (chromosome) in a bacteria depend on…

A

Growth conditions

44
Q

These are self-replicating DNA molecules independent of chromosomal DNA

A

Plasmids

45
Q

True or false. Plasmids cannot be inserted into the bacterial genome.

A

False. Plasmids may be inserted into the bacterial genome and thus can be transferred between bacteria.

46
Q

True or false. Plasmids cannot confer resistance to antibiotics.

A

False

47
Q

True or false. Plasmids may kill other bacteria.

A

True. They have antibacterial activity.

48
Q

These are storage for reserve materials/excess food and energy/reservoir of structural building blocks in the cytoplasm

A

Inclusion bodies/granules

49
Q

An inclusion body that is produced when source of nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus is limited and there is excess carbon in medium.

A

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)

50
Q

An inclusion body that is produced when carbon is in excess and together with PHB is used as carbon source when protein and nucleic acid synthesis is resumed.

A

Glycogen

51
Q

Inclusion bodies or granules of phosphate produced when there are large reserves of inorganic phosphate

A

Volutin or metachromatic or Babes-Ernst granules

52
Q

Why are volutin granules termed monochromatic?

A

Because they stain red with a blue dye,as in corynebacteria diphtheriae

53
Q

Granules produced by Myobacterium tuberculosis

A

Much granules

54
Q

A dominant but viable state of bacterium that is formed when triggered by near depletion of nutrients.

A

Spores

55
Q

This resting cell is highly resistant to desiccation, heat and chemical agents.

A

Spores

56
Q

What happens to a spore when favorable nutritional conditions are available?

A

They germinate to produce a single, vegetative cell.

57
Q

Give example of an aerobic and anerobic spore.

A

Aerobic - bacillus

Anaerobic - clostridium

58
Q

Composed of RNA and protein, factories upon which proteins are made.

A

Ribosomes

59
Q

Describe ribosomes of bacteria

A

80s monomers with subunits 50s and 30s

60
Q

The thread-like, rigid flagella appendage that is responsible for locomotion or motility is composed entirely of which protein subunit?

A

Flagellin

61
Q

Some of the immune responses are directed against these proteins on the flagella.

A

Highly antigenic/H antigens

62
Q

A single flagella at one end and is polar.

A

Monotrichous arrangement

63
Q

A tuft of flagella at one end.

A

Lophotrichuos arrangement

64
Q

Flagella all over the bacteria

A

Peritrichuous

65
Q

Responsible for the swarming appearance of a flagella in a culture.

A

Proetus

66
Q

Single polar flagella at both ends.

A

Amphitrichuos

67
Q

Rigid, hair-like appendages that are shorter and finer than flagella.

A

Pili or fimbriae

68
Q

The pili or fimbriae is usually found in which type of bacteria.

A

Gram negative bacteria

69
Q

Pili or fimbriae is composed of which protein subunit?

A

Pilins

70
Q

These minor proteins are responsible for the attachment of pili.

A

Adhesins located at the tip of pili

71
Q

True or false. The pili is not antigenically distinct between different bacteria.

A

False

72
Q

This type of fimbriae plays a role in adherence of symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria to host cells and is evenly distributed over the surface.

A

Ordinary or common fimbriae

73
Q

This type of fimbriae is responsible for attachment of donor and recipient cells in bacterial conjugation.

A

Sex pili

74
Q

The transfer of genetic material from once bacterial cell to another.

A

Bacterial conjugation.

Microbiology (7 decks)

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